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How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Triangulated Categories — Examples

1 · Prerequisites

2 · Summary

Concrete cone, octahedral, and splitting calculations, together with the guards against the most tempting false generalizations.

3 · Logical flowchart

4 · Definitions, theorems and proofs

None yet.

5 · Examples, counterexamples and false statements

ExampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-adaptedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07Open item page →

The split distinguished triangle

Example

For objects X,Y of a triangulated category, consider X→(10)X⊕Y→(0  1)Y⟶X[1].

Verification

Given: The displayed data.

1.1given

This is the canonical biproduct triangle, hence is distinguished.

2.1step 1.1given∎

Its final map is zero, so it also exhibits the splitting criterion and the evident section/retraction.

ExampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-adaptedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07Open item page →

The cone triangle of multiplication by m

Example

For m∈Z, the map m:S0(Z)→S0(Z) has cone the two-term complex Z→mZ in degrees 1,0. Its standard cone triangle is therefore S0(Z)→mS0(Z)→[Z→mZ]→S0(Z)[1].

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The displayed data.

[F1]

The mapping cone has its stated degreewise direct-sum and differential formulas (The mapping cone of a chain map).

[F2]

Passing a chain-level cone triangle to the homotopy category gives its standard cone triangle (Standard cone triangle in the homotopy category).

Verification

1.1F1given

By [F1], the cone has Dn⊕Cn−1 in degree n, so only degrees 1 and 0 remain and its differential is multiplication by m.

2.1F2step 1.1given∎

By [F2], passing this explicit cone triangle to K(Z-Mod) makes it a standard cone triangle.

ExampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-adaptedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07Open item page →

The long exact Hom sequence of a cone triangle

Example

Applying K(Z-Mod)(S0(Z),−) to the cone triangle of multiplication by m gives the exact segment Z→mZ→K(S0Z,[Z→mZ])→0.

Verification

Given: The displayed data.

1.1given

The displayed cone triangle is distinguished.

2.1step 1.1given∎

The representable long exact Hom theorem supplies the exact segment, and K(S0Z,S0Z)≅Z identifies its first map with multiplication by m.

ExampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-adaptedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07Open item page →

An octahedron for two composable maps of stalk complexes

Example

For S0(Z)→mS0(Z)→nS0(Z), the three two-term cones of m, nm, and n are joined by a distinguished triangle Cone⁡(m)→Cone⁡(nm)→Cone⁡(n)→Cone⁡(m)[1].

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The displayed data.

[F1]

The three-cone calculation supplies the comparison maps α and β (The three-cone calculation for a composite chain map).

[F2]

The octahedral axiom supplies a signed distinguished triangle joining the three cone objects (The octahedral axiom gives a triangle relating the cones of f, g, and gf).

Verification

1.1given

The maps are composable chain maps of stalk complexes.

2.1F1F2step 1.1given∎

By [F1] the three-cone calculation provides the comparison maps α and β. Applying [F2] in K(Ab) supplies the signed fourth face and proves that the resulting triangle is distinguished.

ExampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-adaptedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07Open item page →

The thick subcategory of acyclic complexes

Example

For an abelian category A, the acyclic complexes in K(A) form a thick subcategory, and the cone of every quasi-isomorphism belongs to it.

Verification

Given: An abelian category A and the displayed data.

1.1given

Thickness is the preceding proposition.

2.1step 1.1given∎

A quasi-isomorphism has an acyclic cone, so its standard cone object lies in this thick subcategory.

CounterexampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: Literature-sourcedaudited 2026-09-07Open item page →

A three-term zero-composite diagram that is not distinguished

Statement refuted

In K(Z-Mod), the diagram S0Z⟶0⟶S0Z[1]⟶S0Z[1] with all three displayed maps zero has zero consecutive composites, but it is not distinguished.

Counterexample

Given: The displayed data.

1.1given

All consecutive composites are zero because every displayed map is zero.

2.1step 1.1given∎

If it were distinguished, it would be isomorphic to the standard cone triangle of 0:S0Z→0, whose final map is the identity of S0Z[1]; no triangle isomorphism can turn that nonzero map into zero.

CounterexampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: Literature-sourcedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07Open item page →

Nonuniqueness of a TR3 completion

Statement refuted

TR3 completions need not be unique. In K(Z-Mod), take the standard cone triangle of the zero map S0Z→S0Z[1]. The zero square on its first two terms has two distinct completions.

Counterexample

Given: The displayed data.

1.1given

The cone is S0Z[1]⊕S0Z[1]. Besides the zero third component, take the chain map whose matrix has the identity from the second summand to the first and zero in all other entries.

2.1step 1.1given∎

Both third components kill the cone inclusion and are killed by the cone projection, so each completes the same zero square; they differ on the second summand and hence are distinct in K(Z-Mod).

Sources