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A Verma module need not be projective in its block
Statement refuted
Every Verma module lying in an integral block of is projective in that block; in particular, in the regular integral block with labels and both Verma modules and are projective.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Choice, , an integer , and the regular integral block with labels and , ordered by .
For every the regular integral block has simple labels and with , standards and , and nonsplit sequence ; this is the rank-one computation of the parent example, applied here with (The two projectives in the principal sl2 block, Antidominant regular Verma modules are simple).
Since is maximal in the finite downward-closed ideal of its linkage class, is projective in and in (A maximal-label Verma is projective in its truncation, Dominant integral weights are maxima of their Weyl orbits, Truncation at a finite downward-closed ideal of a linkage class).
The projective cover of exists, is indecomposable with head , is Verma-filtered, and BGG reciprocity gives ; composition factors of standards from other linkage classes are disjoint from the block (Category O has enough projectives, Projective covers in O are indecomposable and unique, Projectives in category O have finite Verma flags, BGG reciprocity, Central-character summands refine into linkage blocks).
Counterexample
Assume the Axiom of Choice (The Axiom of Choice).
Proof technique: direct: the maximal label is projective, the minimal label is the head of a nonsplit two-step cover.
By [F2] the maximal-label Verma is projective in (and in ). By [F1] the other Verma is simple, , and the composition factors of are and , each with multiplicity one.
By [F3] the cover is Verma-filtered and BGG reciprocity gives , which is for and by [F1] and for all other because lies in the block and other linkage classes contribute no composition factors to it. Hence every Verma flag of has exactly the two factors and , each once.
In such a flag the bottom factor cannot be : then would have as a quotient, and composing with would exhibit as a simple quotient, contradicting that has the unique simple quotient with . So there is a subobject with quotient , giving the short exact sequence ; it is nonsplit because projective covers are indecomposable by [F3].
The Verma is not projective in the block : if it were, the epimorphism would split, contradicting the nonsplitness of step 2.1. Since is projective by step 1.1, projectivity indeed depends on the position of the highest weight in the linkage poset, refuting the statement.
Depends on
- The Axiom of Choice
- Antidominant regular Verma modules are simple
- Truncation at a finite downward-closed ideal of a linkage class
- The two projectives in the principal sl2 block
- Dominant integral weights are maxima of their Weyl orbits
- A maximal-label Verma is projective in its truncation
- Projective covers in O are indecomposable and unique
- BGG reciprocity
- Category O has enough projectives
- Central-character summands refine into linkage blocks
- Projectives in category O have finite Verma flags
Used by
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Sources
- Pavel Etingof, Representations of Lie Groups (18.757, Fall 2023), Proposition 16.4 and Example 20.8 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Lin Chen, lecture notes (Spring 2024), Lecture 9, Theorem 2.2 and Example 3.16 (standard reference, not scraped)