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Category O has enough projectives

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice (The Axiom of Choice). Every simple object L(μ) of O admits a projective cover P(μ)↠L(μ) (An essential epimorphism is a surjection with superfluous kernel, and a projective cover is a projective source with such a map), which may be chosen inside the linkage class of μ; the cover is unique up to isomorphism and indecomposable. Consequently O has enough projectives: every object of O is a quotient of a finite direct sum of such projective covers, because objects of O have finite length and each composition factor is a quotient of its projective cover.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Axiom of Choice, a simple object L(μ) of O in the linkage class C, and an arbitrary object X∈O with a composition series.

[F1]

There is a projective object Q∈OC with an epimorphism Q↠L(μ) (Finite-dimensional tensoring reaches every simple of a linkage class).

[F2]

If a projective object admits an epimorphism onto a simple object L, then some indecomposable direct summand is a projective cover of L; projective covers of L are indecomposable, unique up to isomorphism, and have local endomorphism rings (Projective covers in O are indecomposable and unique).

[F3]

Every object of O has a finite composition series. The category is abelian and closed under submodules, quotients and finite direct sums; extension closure in the ambient module category requires the middle term to be h-semisimple (Every object of O has finite length, Category O is abelian and extension closed among weight modules, Composition series and composition factors of an object).

Proof

technique · constructive: produce one projective onto each simple, split off an indecomposable cover, then devissage along a composition series
1.1F1F2given

By [F1] there is a projective Q∈OC mapping onto L(μ); applying [F2] to that epimorphism, some indecomposable direct summand P(μ) of Q is a projective cover of L(μ), unique up to isomorphism and indecomposable, and it lies in OC, hence in the linkage class of μ.

2.1F1F2F3step 1.1

Every object X of O is a quotient of a finite direct sum of such projective covers. Induct on the length of a composition series 0=X0⊆X1⊆⋯⊆Xn=X. For n=0 the zero object is a quotient of the empty sum. For n≥1, assume p:Q′↠Xn−1 with Q′ a finite direct sum of projective covers, and let L(μn)=Xn/Xn−1 with its projective cover πn:P(μn)↠L(μn) from step 1.1. Since P(μn) is projective and Xn↠L(μn) is an epimorphism, πn lifts to π~:P(μn)→Xn, and the sum morphism Q′⊕P(μn)→Xn is an epimorphism: an element x∈Xn differs from an element of the image of π~ by an element of Xn−1, which lies in the image of p. Hence Xn is a quotient of the finite direct sum Q′⊕P(μn) of projective covers.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1given∎

By step 1.1 each simple L(μ) has an indecomposable projective cover lying in its linkage class, unique up to isomorphism, and by step 2.1 every object of O is a quotient of a finite direct sum of these projective covers; this is exactly the assertion that O has enough projectives.

Depends on

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Sources