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Finite-dimensional tensoring reaches every simple of a linkage class

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice (The Axiom of Choice). Let C be a linkage class and let μ∈C be any weight, including a nonintegral or nonreal weight. Choose a sufficiently large nonnegative integer N as follows. In the simple-root basis write cw=(μ+ρ)−w(μ+ρ) and dw=ρ−wρ. For every w≠1, choose an index j(w) with (dw)j(w)>0 and require Re⁡(cw)j(w)+N(dw)j(w)>0; such an N exists because W is finite and dw∈Q+∖{0}. Put λ=μ+Nρ, E=L(Nρ). Then:

  1. E is finite-dimensional and h-semisimple, E∗≅E, and λ is maximal for the root order in its integral-reflection linkage class Cλ=Wλ⋅λ;
  2. M(λ) is projective in OCλ and in O, so E⊗M(λ) is projective in O;
  3. Hom⁡O(E⊗M(λ),L(μ))≠0. Thus pr⁡C(E⊗M(λ)) is a projective object of OC mapping onto L(μ).

The construction does not assert that λ is integral or that Wλ=W; it preserves arbitrary starting weights.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Axiom of Choice, a linkage class C with μ∈C, and the construction λ=μ+Nρ, E=L(Nρ).

[F1]

The simple roots are a basis, W is finite, and each simple reflection permutes the positive roots other than its own simple root. Thus siρ=ρ−αi and ⟨ρ,αi∨⟩=1, while for a positive coroot β∨=∑imiαi∨ its pairing with ρ is the positive integer ∑imi. The regular closed-chamber stabilizer is trivial. For the dominant integral weight ρ, one has ρ−wρ∈Q+, and it is nonzero for w≠1. (Finite Weyl positive roots and simple reflections, Finite Weyl closed chambers and stabilizers, Dominant integral weights are maxima of their Weyl orbits, The Weyl vector rho for a chosen positive system, Every complete ordered field is Archimedean)

[F2]

The finite-dimensional simple modules are the L(η) for dominant integral η, and the dual of L(η) is L(−w0η); since w0ρ=−ρ one has L(Nρ)∗=L(Nρ), and L(Nρ) is finite-dimensional with weight-space decomposition (Finite-dimensional simple modules are classified by dominant highest weights, Highest weight of the dual representation, Finite semisimple PBW and highest-weight construction).

[F3]

The root order is defined by nonnegative integer simple-root coordinates of the difference. An integral-reflection linkage class Cλ=Wλ⋅λ is contained in the finite full dot orbit W⋅λ and is a finite lower ideal of itself. (Root order on weights, The integral Weyl group of a weight, Truncation at a finite downward-closed ideal of a linkage class)

[F4]

If λ is maximal in the finite ideal Cλ, then M(λ) is projective in OCλ; an object of OC that is projective in the full subcategory OC is projective in O (A maximal-label Verma is projective in its truncation, Exact projections onto linkage blocks preserve projectives, Central-character summands refine into linkage blocks, A Verma module has a unique simple quotient).

[F5]

Tensoring a projective of O with the finite-dimensional h-semisimple module E gives a projective of O (Finite-dimensional tensoring preserves projectives in category O).

[F6]

The tensor-Hom adjunction and the universal property identify Hom⁡O(E⊗M(λ),L(μ)) with the n+-fixed vectors of weight λ in E∗⊗L(μ) (The universal property of Verma modules, Verma modules).

[F7]

For L(μ)∈OC and P∈O one has Hom⁡O(pr⁡CP,L(μ))≅Hom⁡O(P,L(μ)); a nonzero morphism into a simple object is an epimorphism (Central-character summands refine into linkage blocks, The simple objects of O).

Proof

technique · constructive: shift $\mu$ to a maximal weight of a linkage class, tensor the projective Verma with the self-dual module $L(N\rho)$, and project to the block of $\mu$
1.1F1F3givenalgebra

Choose the finite bound. Since a simple reflection reverses only αi among the positive roots, their half-sum satisfies ρ−siρ=αi, giving the simple coroot pairings one. Thus ρ is regular dominant integral. By [F1], dw=ρ−wρ∈Q+∖{0} for w≠1; take the first positive coordinate in the fixed finite simple-root enumeration. The finitely many real numbers −Re⁡(cw)j(w)/(dw)j(w) have an upper bound, so choose an integer N≥0 strictly larger than all of them. For rank zero W={1} and there are no restrictions; use N=0. With λ=μ+Nρ, the identity λ−w⋅λ=cw+Ndw has positive real part at the selected coordinate for each w≠1. Therefore w⋅λ−λ cannot have all nonnegative integer simple-root coordinates; if that coordinate is nonreal it is not even in the real root lattice, and if real it is negative. No distinct dot conjugate lies above λ. By [F3] this makes λ maximal in Cλ, without claiming it is a greatest weight.

2.1F1F2step 1.1algebra

The auxiliary tensor. The simple pairings ⟨Nρ,αi∨⟩=N make Nρ dominant integral, so E=L(Nρ) is finite-dimensional and h-semisimple by [F2]. Since w0 reverses the positive roots, w0ρ=−ρ, and the dual-highest-weight formula gives E∗≅L(−w0Nρ)=E. This argument concerns Nρ only and imposes no integrality on μ or λ.

3.1F2F3F4F5step 1.1step 2.1

Projectivity in the actual block. The Verma M(λ) is indecomposable: in a direct-sum decomposition, its one-dimensional highest weight space lies in exactly one summand, and its highest vector generates the whole Verma, so all other summands vanish. The block decomposition in [F4] consequently places M(λ) entirely in the block containing its simple quotient L(λ), namely Cλ. This class is a finite ideal of itself by [F3], and step 1.1 makes λ maximal there. Apply [F4] to obtain projectivity in OCλ; the exact block-projection adjunction of [F4] makes it projective in O. Step 2.1 and [F5] then make E⊗M(λ) projective in O.

3.2F2F6step 1.1step 2.1

The product of a highest-weight vector e∈E∗=E of weight Nρ and a highest-weight vector v∈L(μ) of weight μ is nonzero of weight Nρ+μ=λ and is annihilated by n+; by [F6] it is the image of a nonzero element of Hom⁡O(E⊗M(λ),L(μ)), so that Hom-space is nonzero.

4.1F4F7step 3.1step 3.2∎

By [F7] there is a natural isomorphism Hom⁡O(pr⁡C(E⊗M(λ)),L(μ))≅Hom⁡O(E⊗M(λ),L(μ))≠0, since L(μ)∈OC. The object pr⁡C(E⊗M(λ)) lies in OC and is projective in O by step 3.1 and the first part of [F4]; a nonzero morphism from it to the simple object L(μ) is an epimorphism, so OC contains a projective object mapping onto L(μ), as claimed.

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