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Finite-dimensional tensoring reaches every simple of a linkage class
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice (The Axiom of Choice). Let be a linkage class and let be any weight, including a nonintegral or nonreal weight. Choose a sufficiently large nonnegative integer as follows. In the simple-root basis write and . For every , choose an index with and require ; such an exists because is finite and . Put , . Then:
- is finite-dimensional and -semisimple, , and is maximal for the root order in its integral-reflection linkage class ;
- is projective in and in , so is projective in ;
- . Thus is a projective object of mapping onto .
The construction does not assert that is integral or that ; it preserves arbitrary starting weights.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Choice, a linkage class with , and the construction , .
The simple roots are a basis, is finite, and each simple reflection permutes the positive roots other than its own simple root. Thus and , while for a positive coroot its pairing with is the positive integer . The regular closed-chamber stabilizer is trivial. For the dominant integral weight , one has , and it is nonzero for . (Finite Weyl positive roots and simple reflections, Finite Weyl closed chambers and stabilizers, Dominant integral weights are maxima of their Weyl orbits, The Weyl vector rho for a chosen positive system, Every complete ordered field is Archimedean)
The finite-dimensional simple modules are the for dominant integral , and the dual of is ; since one has , and is finite-dimensional with weight-space decomposition (Finite-dimensional simple modules are classified by dominant highest weights, Highest weight of the dual representation, Finite semisimple PBW and highest-weight construction).
The root order is defined by nonnegative integer simple-root coordinates of the difference. An integral-reflection linkage class is contained in the finite full dot orbit and is a finite lower ideal of itself. (Root order on weights, The integral Weyl group of a weight, Truncation at a finite downward-closed ideal of a linkage class)
If is maximal in the finite ideal , then is projective in ; an object of that is projective in the full subcategory is projective in (A maximal-label Verma is projective in its truncation, Exact projections onto linkage blocks preserve projectives, Central-character summands refine into linkage blocks, A Verma module has a unique simple quotient).
Tensoring a projective of with the finite-dimensional -semisimple module gives a projective of (Finite-dimensional tensoring preserves projectives in category O).
The tensor-Hom adjunction and the universal property identify with the -fixed vectors of weight in (The universal property of Verma modules, Verma modules).
For and one has ; a nonzero morphism into a simple object is an epimorphism (Central-character summands refine into linkage blocks, The simple objects of O).
Proof
Choose the finite bound. Since a simple reflection reverses only among the positive roots, their half-sum satisfies , giving the simple coroot pairings one. Thus is regular dominant integral. By [F1], for ; take the first positive coordinate in the fixed finite simple-root enumeration. The finitely many real numbers have an upper bound, so choose an integer strictly larger than all of them. For rank zero and there are no restrictions; use . With , the identity has positive real part at the selected coordinate for each . Therefore cannot have all nonnegative integer simple-root coordinates; if that coordinate is nonreal it is not even in the real root lattice, and if real it is negative. No distinct dot conjugate lies above . By [F3] this makes maximal in , without claiming it is a greatest weight.
The auxiliary tensor. The simple pairings make dominant integral, so is finite-dimensional and -semisimple by [F2]. Since reverses the positive roots, , and the dual-highest-weight formula gives . This argument concerns only and imposes no integrality on or .
Projectivity in the actual block. The Verma is indecomposable: in a direct-sum decomposition, its one-dimensional highest weight space lies in exactly one summand, and its highest vector generates the whole Verma, so all other summands vanish. The block decomposition in [F4] consequently places entirely in the block containing its simple quotient , namely . This class is a finite ideal of itself by [F3], and step 1.1 makes maximal there. Apply [F4] to obtain projectivity in ; the exact block-projection adjunction of [F4] makes it projective in . Step 2.1 and [F5] then make projective in .
The product of a highest-weight vector of weight and a highest-weight vector of weight is nonzero of weight and is annihilated by ; by [F6] it is the image of a nonzero element of , so that Hom-space is nonzero.
By [F7] there is a natural isomorphism , since . The object lies in and is projective in by step 3.1 and the first part of [F4]; a nonzero morphism from it to the simple object is an epimorphism, so contains a projective object mapping onto , as claimed.
Depends on
- The Axiom of Choice
- Integral, dominant, and strictly dominant weights
- Truncation at a finite downward-closed ideal of a linkage class
- Verma modules
- The Weyl vector rho for a chosen positive system
- Weight and weight space
- Exact projections onto linkage blocks preserve projectives
- Dominant integral weights are maxima of their Weyl orbits
- Finite semisimple PBW and highest-weight construction
- A maximal-label Verma is projective in its truncation
- Finite-dimensional tensoring preserves projectives in category O
- Highest weight of the dual representation
- Central-character summands refine into linkage blocks
- Finite-dimensional simple modules are classified by dominant highest weights
- The simple objects of O
- The universal property of Verma modules
- The integral Weyl group of a weight
- A Verma module has a unique simple quotient
- Root order on weights
- Finite Weyl positive roots and simple reflections
- Finite Weyl closed chambers and stabilizers
- Every complete ordered field is Archimedean
Used by
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Sources
- Pavel Etingof, Representations of Lie Groups (18.757, Fall 2023), Corollary 16.6(i) and its proof (standard reference, not scraped)
- Lin Chen, lecture notes (Spring 2024), Lecture 8, Lemma 4.10 and proof of Theorem 4.3 (standard reference, not scraped)