How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
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- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Almost-sure finiteness does not imply integrability
Statement refuted
The statement "if a real-valued random time is finite almost surely, then it is integrable" is false: a real-valued null-set modification of the first hitting time of a positive level by standard Brownian motion is finite everywhere and has infinite mean.
Counterexample
Given: AC, a standard Brownian motion Brownian motion in the everywhere-continuous zero-start representative fixed by One-dimensional Brownian motion hits every point almost surely and A Brownian hitting time has infinite mean, a real , and , with .
Proof technique: direct.
By One-dimensional Brownian motion hits every point almost surely, is a measurable -valued random time and the measurable event has probability zero.
Define for and for . Then takes values in on every outcome. It is measurable: for the set is empty, while for it is . Thus is a real random variable in the sense of Random elements and real random variables, and in particular a real-valued random time.
The variables and differ only on the null event . Consequently, for every Borel set , the events and have symmetric difference contained in , so they have the same probability. Hence has the density from A Brownian hitting time has infinite mean, and the same supplier's calculation gives .
Therefore is finite on every outcome, hence finite almost surely, but is not integrable. This real-valued witness refutes the stated implication. The null-set modification is explicit, and AC is used only through the Brownian construction and the two cited hitting-time suppliers.
Depends on
Used by
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Dependency tree · two levels
18 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Gregory F. Lawler, Stochastic Calculus: An Introduction with Applications, Section 2.7 (standard reference, not scraped)