Alphabeta Math
CounterexampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-22
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Almost-sure finiteness does not imply integrability

Statement refuted

The statement "if a real-valued random time is finite almost surely, then it is integrable" is false: a real-valued null-set modification of the first hitting time of a positive level by standard Brownian motion is finite everywhere and has infinite mean.

Counterexample

Given: AC, a standard Brownian motion B Brownian motion in the everywhere-continuous zero-start representative fixed by One-dimensional Brownian motion hits every point almost surely and A Brownian hitting time has infinite mean, a real a>0, and τa=inf{t0:Bt=a}, with inf=+.

Proof technique: direct.

1.1

By One-dimensional Brownian motion hits every point almost surely, τa is a measurable [0,]-valued random time and the measurable event N:={τa=+} has probability zero.

given
2.1

Define Ta(ω)=τa(ω) for ωN and Ta(ω)=0 for ωN. Then Ta takes values in [0,)R on every outcome. It is measurable: for c<0 the set {Tac} is empty, while for c0 it is N{τac}. Thus Ta is a real random variable in the sense of Random elements and real random variables, and in particular a real-valued random time.

step 1.1
3.1

The variables Ta and τa differ only on the null event N. Consequently, for every Borel set C[0,), the events {TaC} and {τaC} have symmetric difference contained in N, so they have the same probability. Hence Ta has the density a(2πt3)1/2ea2/(2t) from A Brownian hitting time has infinite mean, and the same supplier's calculation gives E[Ta]=+.

givenstep 1.1step 2.1
4.1

Therefore Ta is finite on every outcome, hence finite almost surely, but is not integrable. This real-valued witness refutes the stated implication. The null-set modification is explicit, and AC is used only through the Brownian construction and the two cited hitting-time suppliers.

step 2.1step 3.1

Depends on

Used by

Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Dependency tree · two levels

18 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources