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CounterexampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passjudge pass (deepseek-v4-pro + gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-08-21
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Differentiation under an improper integral can fail without uniform domination

Statement refuted

Pointwise differentiability of an integrand and convergence of every parameter slice suffice to pass a derivative through an improper integral.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: For x0 and tR, let f(x,t):=t3et2x and F(t):=0f(x,t)dx.

[L1]

On an open domain and open parameter interval, if f and tf are continuous, one slice is absolutely improperly integrable, and tf has an integrable bound uniform on each compact parameter interval, then F(t)=Dtf(x,t)dx (Differentiation under an improper multiple integral under an integrable derivative bound).

[L2]

A monotone differentiable substitution preserves a convergent improper integral under the stated compact-truncation hypotheses (Change of variable in an improper integral).

[L3]

The derivative of the exponential is the exponential (The exponential function is smooth and (exp)=exp).

[L4]

The improper integral 0h is the finite limit of 0Rh as R, when that limit exists (Improper integrals over unbounded intervals).

[L5]

If G=h on a compact interval and h is integrable, then h is the endpoint difference of G (The second fundamental theorem: if G is differentiable on [a,b] with G=f and f is integrable, then abf=G(b)G(a)).

[L6]

One has exp(x)0 as x, and the exponential is normalized by exp(0)=1 (The exponential tends to + at + and to 0 at , The power-series, product-limit, IVP, functional-equation, and Picard definitions agree).

Counterexample

technique · direct
1.1

By [L3], [L5], [L6], and [L7], (eu)=eu and 0Reudu=1eR1. If t0, the substitution u=t2x in [L2] therefore gives F(t)=t0eudu=t; at t=0, the integrand is identically zero, so [L4] gives F(0)=0. Thus F(t)=t for every real t.

L2L3L4L5L6L7algebra
1.2

By [L3], tf(x,t)=(3t22xt4)et2x, so tf(x,0)=0 for every x0 and its improper integral is 0.

L3algebra
2.1

Step 1.1 gives F(0)=1, while step 1.2 gives 0tf(x,0)dx=0. Restricting the witness to the open domain (0,) changes none of these integrals; there f and tf are continuous and the zero base slice is absolutely integrable. Thus every hypothesis of [L1] except a parameter-uniform integrable derivative bound holds, differentiation under the sign fails, and no such dominator can exist near t=0.

step 1.1step 1.2L1

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