Alphabeta Math
CounterexampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passaudited 2026-08-13
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A regular module with bases of sizes one and two

Statement refuted

Finite free rank need not be invariant over a noncommutative ring. There is a unital ring R for which the regular left module RR is isomorphic to RR2, so it has bases of sizes one and two.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A field F, an F-vector space V with basis (ek)kN, and R=EndF(V) with multiplication given by composition.

[F1]

Invariant basis number would forbid an isomorphism RR2 of regular left modules (Invariant basis number and the rank of a free module).

[F2]

Linear maps VV form a vector space under pointwise addition and scalar multiplication (L(V,W) is a vector space over the common scalar field).

[F3]

Composition of linear maps is associative and has the identity map as identity (Identity maps and composites of linear maps are linear).

[F4]

A unital ring has an abelian-group addition, associative multiplication with an identity, and both distributive laws (Ring: an abelian group under addition and a monoid under multiplication, with multiplication distributing over addition on both sides).

Counterexample

technique · constructive
1.1

Define α0(ek)=e2k and α1(ek)=e2k+1. Define β0(e2k)=ek, β0(e2k+1)=0, β1(e2k)=0, and β1(e2k+1)=ek. Extending the formulas across the unique finite basis expressions from [F5] gives four endomorphisms.

F5construct
2.1

On every basis vector, βiαj is the identity when i=j and zero otherwise, while α0β0+α1β1=idV. Unique finite basis expressions from [F5] make these identities hold on all of V.

step 1.1F2F3F5
2.2

The operations from [F2] and [F3] satisfy the ring axioms [F4], so R=EndF(V) is a unital ring. Define left R-linear maps T:RR2 and S:R2R by T(f)=(fα0,fα1),S(g,h)=gβ0+hβ1. Associativity and distributivity give left linearity.

step 1.1F2F3F4construct
3.1

The identities in step 2.1 give T(S(g,h))=(g,h) and S(T(f))=f, so T and S are inverse isomorphisms.

step 2.1step 2.2algebra
4.1

Therefore RRRR2, refuting finite rank invariance in this ring as [F1] records.

step 3.1F1discharge-construct

Depends on

Used by

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Sources