Alphabeta Math
CounterexampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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Integrable stopping time alone does not suffice for arbitrary martingale increments

Statement

Assume AC. There is a martingale M and an integrable stopping time τ such that Mτ is integrable but EMτ≠EM0. Thus Eτ<∞ is insufficient when martingale increments are unbounded.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The hypotheses, objects, and conventions in the Statement.

[F1]

Martingale submartingale and supermartingale gives the event-integral test used to verify the process locally.

[F2]
[F4]

Optional stopping requires a passage-to-the-limit hypothesis identifies the missing bounded-increment/dominating mechanism.

[F5]

The Axiom of Choice is inherited from the martingale conditional-expectation interface.

Counterexample

1.1F1F3

On ([0,1],B,λ) put An=(0,2−n], F0 trivial, Fn=σ(A1,…,An), M0=1, and Mn=2n1An for n≥1. On the atom An, Mn+1 equals 2n+1 on a half-measure subatom and zero on the other half, so its conditional average is 2n; off An both variables vanish. Thus F1 proves directly that M is a nonnegative martingale with EMn=1.

1.2F2F3

Let τ=inf⁡{n≥1:Mn=0}. For n≥1, {τ>n}=An∈Fn, so F2 makes τ a stopping time. Its tail sum is Eτ=∑n≥0P(τ>n)=1+∑n≥12−n=2.

2.1F4F5step 1.1step 1.2∎

The intersection of the An is empty, so every path eventually leaves and Mτ=0. Hence Mτ is integrable but EMτ=0≠1=EM0. On An∖An+1 the next increment has magnitude 2n, so no deterministic increment bound exists; this is exactly the missing hypothesis flagged by F4. The proof reconstructs its martingale locally and does not depend on a B-page supplier. AC has only the role in F5.

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Sources