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The indicator of a fat Cantor set is upper semicontinuous and equal almost everywhere to no Riemann integrable function
Statement refuted
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice.
An upper semicontinuous function on is always almost everywhere equal to some Riemann integrable function.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Let the Smith-Volterra-Cantor set and its indicator be as above.
Upper semicontinuity at a point means that nearby values stay below the value at the point plus an arbitrary . (Upper and lower semicontinuity of at a point of and on )
The Smith-Volterra-Cantor set is compact, nowhere dense, and does not have measure zero. (The Smith-Volterra-Cantor set is compact, perfect and nowhere dense, and does not have measure zero)
Assuming the Axiom of Countable Choice, every Borel subset of is Lebesgue measurable. (Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of is Lebesgue measurable)
If are measurable with finite measure, then (Measure of a set difference when the smaller set has finite measure)
Assuming the Axiom of Countable Choice, a bounded function on is Riemann integrable exactly when its discontinuity set has Lebesgue measure . (A bounded function on a closed bounded interval, or on a closed nondegenerate rectangle, is Riemann integrable exactly when its discontinuity set has Lebesgue measure zero)
Assuming the Axiom of Countable Choice, every nondegenerate interval has positive Lebesgue measure. (A box in with parameters is Lebesgue measurable of measure , whichever of its faces are included)
Counterexample
The function is upper semicontinuous on . If , then for every and every . If , then is closed by [L2], so there is an open neighbourhood of disjoint from ; on that neighbourhood is identically , which is certainly below . Thus [L1] is satisfied at every point.
Let satisfy almost everywhere, and let be a measurable null set containing the disagreement set. Because is compact, [L3] makes it measurable, and [L2] says it does not have measure zero. Therefore [L4] gives Fix . Then . Since is nowhere dense by [L2], every neighbourhood of meets ; the intersection of that neighbourhood with is a nonempty open set, so it contains a nondegenerate interval and hence has positive measure by [L6]. Because is null, that positive-measure open set cannot be contained in , so the neighbourhood contains . Then . Thus is discontinuous at every .
Step 2.1 shows that the discontinuity set of contains the positive-measure set . Hence [L5] implies that is not Riemann integrable. So is upper semicontinuous but is almost everywhere equal to no Riemann integrable function, and the statement is false.
Depends on
- Upper and lower semicontinuity of $f : A \to \mathbb{R}$ at a point of $A$ and on $A$
- The Smith-Volterra-Cantor set: the same construction removing, at stage $n \ge 1$, an open middle interval of length $4^{-n}$ from each of the $2^{n-1}$ remaining intervals
- The Smith-Volterra-Cantor set is compact, perfect and nowhere dense, and does not have measure zero
- Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is Lebesgue measurable
- Measure of a set difference when the smaller set has finite measure
- A bounded function on a closed bounded interval, or on a closed nondegenerate rectangle, is Riemann integrable exactly when its discontinuity set has Lebesgue measure zero
- A box in $\mathbb{R}^n$ with parameters $a_i\le b_i$ is Lebesgue measurable of measure $\prod_{i<n}(b_i-a_i)$, whichever of its faces are included
Used by
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Sources
- Smith-Volterra-Cantor set (standard construction) (standard reference, not scraped)