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CounterexampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-generatedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passaudited 2026-08-28
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The indicator of a fat Cantor set is upper semicontinuous and equal almost everywhere to no Riemann integrable function

Statement refuted

Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice.

An upper semicontinuous function on [0,1] is always almost everywhere equal to some Riemann integrable function.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Let the Smith-Volterra-Cantor set S[0,1] and its indicator χS be as above.

[L1]

Upper semicontinuity at a point means that nearby values stay below the value at the point plus an arbitrary ε>0. (Upper and lower semicontinuity of f:AR at a point of A and on A)

[L2]

The Smith-Volterra-Cantor set is compact, nowhere dense, and does not have measure zero. (The Smith-Volterra-Cantor set is compact, perfect and nowhere dense, and does not have measure zero)

[L3]

Assuming the Axiom of Countable Choice, every Borel subset of R is Lebesgue measurable. (Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of Rn is Lebesgue measurable)

[L4]

If AB are measurable with finite measure, then λ1(BA)=λ1(B)λ1(A). (Measure of a set difference when the smaller set has finite measure)

[L5]

Assuming the Axiom of Countable Choice, a bounded function on [0,1] is Riemann integrable exactly when its discontinuity set has Lebesgue measure 0. (A bounded function on a closed bounded interval, or on a closed nondegenerate rectangle, is Riemann integrable exactly when its discontinuity set has Lebesgue measure zero)

Counterexample

technique · direct
1.1

The function χS is upper semicontinuous on [0,1]. If xS, then χS(y)1<1+ε for every y and every ε>0. If xS, then S is closed by [L2], so there is an open neighbourhood of x disjoint from S; on that neighbourhood χS is identically 0, which is certainly below 0+ε. Thus [L1] is satisfied at every point.

L1L2
2.1

Let g:[0,1]R satisfy g=χS almost everywhere, and let N be a measurable null set containing the disagreement set. Because S is compact, [L3] makes it measurable, and [L2] says it does not have measure zero. Therefore [L4] gives λ1(SN)=λ1(S)λ1(SN)=λ1(S)>0. Fix xSN. Then g(x)=1. Since S is nowhere dense by [L2], every neighbourhood of x meets [0,1]S; the intersection of that neighbourhood with [0,1]S is a nonempty open set, so it contains a nondegenerate interval and hence has positive measure by [L6]. Because N is null, that positive-measure open set cannot be contained in N, so the neighbourhood contains ySN. Then g(y)=χS(y)=0. Thus g is discontinuous at every xSN.

step 1.1L2L3L4L6
3.1

Step 2.1 shows that the discontinuity set of g contains the positive-measure set SN. Hence [L5] implies that g is not Riemann integrable. So χS is upper semicontinuous but is almost everywhere equal to no Riemann integrable function, and the statement is false.

step 2.1L5

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