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Torsion-free does not mean torsion-free lower-central factors

Statement refuted

False claim: every lower-central factor of a torsion-free nilpotent group is torsion-free.

For each fixed integer p2, the subgroup G={(a,pb,c):a,b,cZ} of the integer Heisenberg group refutes this claim: it is torsion-free and has G/[G,G]Z2Z/pZ.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Use the Heisenberg triple multiplication; p is a fixed integer at least two.

[F1]

The triple product has central coordinate c+c prime+a b prime and commutator central coordinate a b prime-a prime b (The discrete Heisenberg group has growth degree four).

[F2]

Mixed lower-central coordinates retain finite cyclic residue coordinates even when the group is torsion-free (Finite lower-central coordinate systems with torsion accounted for).

Counterexample

1.1

The product of (a,pb,c) and (a prime,pb prime,c prime) is (a+a,p(b+b),c+c+pab), and the inverse is (a,pb,c+pab). Thus G is a subgroup. Set x=(1,0,0), y=(0,p,0), z=(0,0,1). Then xaybzk=(a,pb,pab+k), giving a unique normal form and a finite generating list x,y,z.

F1algebra
2.1

Commutators are (0,0,p(abab)), and [x,y]=zp. Thus [G,G]=zp: every commutator lies there and z^p is a commutator. This subgroup is central and nontrivial, so G is nilpotent of class two. The map ψ(a,pb,c)=(a,b,cmodp) is an onto homomorphism to Z2Z/pZ, since the extra product term pab prime vanishes modulo p. Its kernel is exactly zp. The induced quotient map is therefore a bijective homomorphism, with injectivity given by this kernel calculation.

F1step 1.1
3.1

For a positive integer m, repeated multiplication gives (a,pb,c)m=(ma,mpb,mc+pabm(m1)/2); induction follows by adding c+p(ma)b at the next multiplication. If this power is the identity, ma=mpb=0 forces a=b=0, and then mc=0 forces c=0. Hence every nonidentity element has infinite order. Nevertheless z[G,G] has order exactly p: z^j belongs to <z^p> exactly when p divides j. Since p2, this is nontrivial torsion in the abelianization.

step 1.1step 2.1algebra
4.1

For the mixed lower-central form choose first-layer lifts x,y,z, with the z exponent reduced to a residue r in {0,...,p-1}, and second-layer generator z^p. For a normal exponent k divide k=pq+r; then xaybzk=xaybzr(zp)q. The identity is the zero tuple. Thus the p-th power of the finite factor lift is a nontrivial carry into layer two, exactly as retained by F2. Setting p=1 would remove the torsion and is explicitly excluded.

F2step 1.1step 3.1

Source notes

Druţu–Kapovich, Geometric Group Theory (837-page edition), Remark 13.83(2), p.484. Revised Remark 13.83(2) supplies this family. The subgroup, torsion-free power calculation, exact commutator subgroup and quotient map are all verified locally.

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