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Torsion-free does not mean torsion-free lower-central factors
Statement refuted
False claim: every lower-central factor of a torsion-free nilpotent group is torsion-free.
For each fixed integer , the subgroup of the integer Heisenberg group refutes this claim: it is torsion-free and has .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Use the Heisenberg triple multiplication; p is a fixed integer at least two.
The triple product has central coordinate c+c prime+a b prime and commutator central coordinate a b prime-a prime b (The discrete Heisenberg group has growth degree four).
Mixed lower-central coordinates retain finite cyclic residue coordinates even when the group is torsion-free (Finite lower-central coordinate systems with torsion accounted for).
Counterexample
The product of (a,pb,c) and (a prime,pb prime,c prime) is , and the inverse is . Thus G is a subgroup. Set x=(1,0,0), y=(0,p,0), z=(0,0,1). Then , giving a unique normal form and a finite generating list x,y,z.
Commutators are , and . Thus : every commutator lies there and z^p is a commutator. This subgroup is central and nontrivial, so G is nilpotent of class two. The map is an onto homomorphism to , since the extra product term pab prime vanishes modulo p. Its kernel is exactly . The induced quotient map is therefore a bijective homomorphism, with injectivity given by this kernel calculation.
For a positive integer m, repeated multiplication gives ; induction follows by adding c+p(ma)b at the next multiplication. If this power is the identity, ma=mpb=0 forces a=b=0, and then mc=0 forces c=0. Hence every nonidentity element has infinite order. Nevertheless z[G,G] has order exactly p: z^j belongs to <z^p> exactly when p divides j. Since , this is nontrivial torsion in the abelianization.
For the mixed lower-central form choose first-layer lifts x,y,z, with the z exponent reduced to a residue r in {0,...,p-1}, and second-layer generator z^p. For a normal exponent k divide k=pq+r; then . The identity is the zero tuple. Thus the p-th power of the finite factor lift is a nontrivial carry into layer two, exactly as retained by F2. Setting p=1 would remove the torsion and is explicitly excluded.
Source notes
Druţu–Kapovich, Geometric Group Theory (837-page edition), Remark 13.83(2), p.484. Revised Remark 13.83(2) supplies this family. The subgroup, torsion-free power calculation, exact commutator subgroup and quotient map are all verified locally.
Depends on
Used by
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Sources
- Druţu–Kapovich, Geometric Group Theory (837-page edition) (standard reference, not scraped)