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Vector-bundle classification can fail without numerability
Statement refuted
False claim: every locally trivial rank-one real vector bundle over a CGWH base is pulled back from the tautological line over .
Assume AC. The tangent line bundle of the smooth long line is a counterexample.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC, the smooth long line , and its tangent line bundle .
Nyikos, Topology Proceedings 4 (1979), printed pp.271–272, states that the long line is a connected Hausdorff differentiable one-manifold and is nonmetrizable. Being a Hausdorff one-manifold, it is locally compact and hence CGWH; it is outside the library's second-countable manifold convention.
Under AC, every numerable real vector bundle admits a continuous positive-definite fiber inner product; with a supplied numeration the displayed weighted metric construction is choice-free (Numerable vector bundles admit bundle metrics).
Under AC, the tautological bundle over the stable Grassmannian is numerable, and every pullback of its numeration is numerable (Real and complex vector bundles are classified by stable Grassmannians).
AC means that every family of nonempty sets has a choice function (The Axiom of Choice).
Counterexample
The tangent projection is a locally trivial rank-one real vector bundle: its linear charts are the derivatives of the smooth coordinate charts on the one-manifold . The base is CGWH and fails only the library's separate second-countability convention, by [F1]. Thus satisfies exactly the topological hypotheses in the false claim.
Suppose were numerable. By [F2] it would have a continuous positive-definite fiber inner product . We show directly that such a metrizes . Any two points of the connected one-manifold can be joined by a piecewise smooth path: the points reachable from a fixed point by finite chains of coordinate intervals form a nonempty open-and-closed set. Define as the infimum of the -lengths of these paths. It is finite, symmetric, and satisfies the triangle inequality.
To prove positivity and identify the topology, fix and choose a coordinate interval about , not containing , with a smaller closed coordinate interval whose interior contains . In the coordinate , write . On compact , continuity and positivity give . Every path from to must first leave , so its coordinate variation before leaving is at least the positive coordinate distance from to ; its length is therefore bounded below by that distance times . Thus . Conversely, within a still smaller coordinate interval, straight coordinate segments have length at most times their coordinate displacement, while the preceding lower bound forces sufficiently small -balls to stay in any prescribed coordinate neighborhood. Hence induces exactly the topology of , contradicting the nonmetrizability in [F1]. Therefore is not numerable. The implication from a supplied numeration to , and this metric-topology argument, make no choices beyond the supplied data.
By [F3], AC supplies a numeration of the tautological line , and pulling this fixed numeration back along any map gives a numeration of . Therefore would contradict step 2.1. No such classifying map exists. This is the sole nonlocal use of AC, recorded by [A1]; the contradiction after a hypothetical numeration is choice-free.
Consequently the locally trivial rank-one bundle over the CGWH space is the required witness, and the false claim fails precisely because it omitted numerability.
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Used by
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Sources
- Peter J. Nyikos, The Topological Structure of the Tangent and Cotangent Bundles on the Long Line (standard reference, not scraped)
- MIT 18.906 notes, Lectures 16 and 19 (standard reference, not scraped)