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CounterexampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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Vector-bundle classification can fail without numerability

Statement refuted

False claim: every locally trivial rank-one real vector bundle over a CGWH base is pulled back from the tautological line over Gr1(R).

Assume AC. The tangent line bundle of the smooth long line is a counterexample.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC, the smooth long line L, and its tangent line bundle TL.

[F1]

Nyikos, Topology Proceedings 4 (1979), printed pp.271–272, states that the long line L is a connected Hausdorff differentiable one-manifold and is nonmetrizable. Being a Hausdorff one-manifold, it is locally compact and hence CGWH; it is outside the library's second-countable manifold convention.

[F2]

Under AC, every numerable real vector bundle admits a continuous positive-definite fiber inner product; with a supplied numeration the displayed weighted metric construction is choice-free (Numerable vector bundles admit bundle metrics).

[F3]

Under AC, the tautological bundle over the stable Grassmannian is numerable, and every pullback of its numeration is numerable (Real and complex vector bundles are classified by stable Grassmannians).

[A1]

AC means that every family of nonempty sets has a choice function (The Axiom of Choice).

Counterexample

technique · direct
1.1

The tangent projection TLL is a locally trivial rank-one real vector bundle: its linear charts are the derivatives of the smooth coordinate charts on the one-manifold L. The base is CGWH and fails only the library's separate second-countability convention, by [F1]. Thus TL satisfies exactly the topological hypotheses in the false claim.

F1construct
1.2

Suppose TL were numerable. By [F2] it would have a continuous positive-definite fiber inner product g. We show directly that such a g metrizes L. Any two points of the connected one-manifold L can be joined by a piecewise smooth path: the points reachable from a fixed point by finite chains of coordinate intervals form a nonempty open-and-closed set. Define dg(p,q) as the infimum of the g-lengths of these paths. It is finite, symmetric, and satisfies the triangle inequality.

F1F2
2.1

To prove positivity and identify the topology, fix pq and choose a coordinate interval U about p, not containing q, with a smaller closed coordinate interval KU whose interior contains p. In the coordinate t, write g=a(t)dt2. On compact K, continuity and positivity give 0<maM. Every path from p to q must first leave K, so its coordinate variation before leaving is at least the positive coordinate distance from p to K; its length is therefore bounded below by that distance times m. Thus dg(p,q)>0. Conversely, within a still smaller coordinate interval, straight coordinate segments have length at most M times their coordinate displacement, while the preceding lower bound forces sufficiently small dg-balls to stay in any prescribed coordinate neighborhood. Hence dg induces exactly the topology of L, contradicting the nonmetrizability in [F1]. Therefore TL is not numerable. The implication from a supplied numeration to g, and this metric-topology argument, make no choices beyond the supplied data.

F1F2step 1.2algebracontradiction
3.1

By [F3], AC supplies a numeration of the tautological line γ1Gr1(R), and pulling this fixed numeration back along any map f:LGr1(R) gives a numeration of fγ1. Therefore TLfγ1 would contradict step 2.1. No such classifying map exists. This is the sole nonlocal use of AC, recorded by [A1]; the contradiction after a hypothetical numeration is choice-free.

F3A1step 2.1
4.1

Consequently the locally trivial rank-one bundle TL over the CGWH space L is the required witness, and the false claim fails precisely because it omitted numerability.

step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1discharge-construct

Depends on

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