Alphabeta Math
CorollaryStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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MA plus not CH implies SH

Statement

In ZFC, Martin's Axiom together with the failure of the continuum hypothesis implies the Suslin Hypothesis:

MA+¬CH⟹SH.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: ZFC, MA, and ¬CH.

[F1]

MA is the scheme MA(κ) for every infinite cardinal κ<2ℵ0. Martin's Axiom at a cardinal and Martin's Axiom

[F2]

CH says that there is no set A with N≺A≺P(N). The continuum hypothesis and the later local consistency results

[F3]

Every well-orderable set has a cardinality equinumerous with it, and equinumerous well-orderable sets have equal cardinalities. A set equinumerous with some ordinal has a least such ordinal, that ordinal is a cardinal, and equinumerous sets get the same one; no choice principle is used

[F4]

For well-orderable sets X,Y, an injection X→Y implies ∣X∣≤∣Y∣; for cardinals, κ≤λ is equivalent to an injection κ→λ. Commutativity, associativity, distributivity and monotonicity of ⊕ and ⊗, the unit laws, the two exponent laws, and κ≤λ if and only if κ injects into λ

[F5]

Under AC, ∣P(N)∣=2ℵ0 and ℵ0<2ℵ0. Assuming the Axiom of Choice, 2κ=∣P(κ)∣, and Cantor's theorem in cardinal form: κ<2κ

[F7]

MA(ℵ1) implies that no Suslin tree exists. MA(aleph-one) eliminates Suslin trees

[F8]

In ZFC, SH is equivalent to the nonexistence of a Suslin tree. Kurepa equivalence

[A1]

AC well-orders the CH witness and its power-set bound, so their strict injection comparisons can be converted into cardinal inequalities. The Axiom of Choice

Proof

1.1F2F3F4F5A1

Since CH fails, negating F2 gives a set A with N≺A≺P(N). By A1 all three sets are well-orderable. F3 and F4 turn the two injections into ℵ0≤∣A∣≤∣P(N)∣. Both inequalities are strict: equality on the left would give A≈N by F3, and equality on the right would give A≈P(N), contradicting the two strict comparisons that define the witness. With F5 this is ℵ0<∣A∣<2ℵ0.

2.1F3F6step 1.1

The middle term ∣A∣ is a cardinal by F3. Since F6 makes ℵ1 the least cardinal strictly above ℵ0, step 1.1 gives ℵ1≤∣A∣<2ℵ0, and hence ℵ1<2ℵ0.

3.1F1F7step 2.1

The cardinal ℵ1 is infinite, so F1 and step 2.1 instantiate the MA scheme at ℵ1. Thus MA(ℵ1) holds, and F7 implies that no Suslin tree exists.

4.1F7F8A1step 1.1step 3.1∎

Apply the direction “no Suslin tree implies SH” of F8. This yields SH, as required. AC was used in step 1.1 to cardinalize the witness and is also propagated through F7 and F8; no choice-free conclusion is asserted.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources