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Real forms of a complex vector space correspond exactly to conjugations

Statement

Let W be a complex vector space. Call a real subspace V≤WR a real form of W when the map θ:VC→W, θ(z⊗v)=zv, is a complex-linear isomorphism. Then the assignments

σ⟼WσandV⟼σV,

where σV is the conjugation on W transported from the canonical conjugation of VC along θ, are inverse bijections between the conjugations of W and the real forms of W. The canonical conjugation of Conjugations and real structures on a complex vector space is σcan⁡(z⊗v)=z‾⊗v.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A complex vector space W.

[L1]

The fixed points of a conjugation form a real subspace whose complexification recovers the ambient complex space (The fixed points of a conjugation form a real vector space whose complexification recovers the ambient complex space).

[L2]

A conjugation is additive, conjugate-linear, and an involution; on the complexification VC of a real space the canonical conjugation is σcan⁡(z⊗v)=z‾⊗v (Conjugations and real structures on a complex vector space).

[L3]

The fixed real form of a conjugation is the real subspace of its fixed points (The fixed real form of a conjugation).

[L4]

Every element of the complexification VC is uniquely 1⊗A+i⊗B with A,B∈V (The tensor and direct-sum models of complexification are canonically complex-linearly isomorphic).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1

For a conjugation σ, the subspace Wσ is a real form of W: by [L1] the complexification of Wσ recovers W through the multiplication map, which is exactly the defining condition.

1.2L2L4algebra

The fixed points of σcan⁡ on VC are the embedded copy of V: by [L4] an element is uniquely 1⊗A+i⊗B, and σcan⁡(1⊗A+i⊗B)=1⊗A−i⊗B by [L2], which equals itself exactly when i⊗B=−i⊗B, hence B=0.

1.3L2givenalgebra

For a real form V with isomorphism θ:VC→W, define σV(w)=θ(σcan⁡(θ−1w)). It is additive and conjugate-linear because θ is complex-linear and σcan⁡ has these properties by [L2], and it is an involution because σcan⁡2=id⁡.

2.1step 1.3L1L2

If V=Wσ came from a conjugation σ, then σV=σ: for w=A+iB with A,B∈Wσ, step 1.3 gives σV(w)=θ(1⊗A−i⊗B)=A−iB, while σ(A+iB)=A+i‾B=A−iB by [L2].

2.2step 1.2step 1.3L3

If σV came from a real form V, then WσV=θ({1⊗A:A∈V})=V: the fixed points of σV in W are the θ-images of the fixed points of σcan⁡, which step 1.2 identifies with the embedded copy of V, and θ(1⊗A)=A by the real-form condition.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1step 2.2∎

Steps 1.1, 2.1 and 2.2 show that the two assignments compose to the identity in both orders, so they are inverse bijections.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources