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Real forms of a complex vector space correspond exactly to conjugations

Statement

Let W be a complex vector space. Call a real subspace VWR a real form of W when the map θ:VCW, θ(zv)=zv, is a complex-linear isomorphism. Then the assignments

σWσandVσV,

where σV is the conjugation on W transported from the canonical conjugation of VC along θ, are inverse bijections between the conjugations of W and the real forms of W. The canonical conjugation of Conjugations and real structures on a complex vector space is σcan(zv)=zv.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A complex vector space W.

[L1]

The fixed points of a conjugation form a real subspace whose complexification recovers the ambient complex space (The fixed points of a conjugation form a real vector space whose complexification recovers the ambient complex space).

[L2]

A conjugation is additive, conjugate-linear, and an involution; on the complexification VC of a real space the canonical conjugation is σcan(zv)=zv (Conjugations and real structures on a complex vector space).

[L3]

The fixed real form of a conjugation is the real subspace of its fixed points (The fixed real form of a conjugation).

[L4]

Every element of the complexification VC is uniquely 1A+iB with A,BV (The tensor and direct-sum models of complexification are canonically complex-linearly isomorphic).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

For a conjugation σ, the subspace Wσ is a real form of W: by [L1] the complexification of Wσ recovers W through the multiplication map, which is exactly the defining condition.

L1
1.2

The fixed points of σcan on VC are the embedded copy of V: by [L4] an element is uniquely 1A+iB, and σcan(1A+iB)=1AiB by [L2], which equals itself exactly when iB=iB, hence B=0.

L2L4algebra
1.3

For a real form V with isomorphism θ:VCW, define σV(w)=θ(σcan(θ1w)). It is additive and conjugate-linear because θ is complex-linear and σcan has these properties by [L2], and it is an involution because σcan2=id.

L2givenalgebra
2.1

If V=Wσ came from a conjugation σ, then σV=σ: for w=A+iB with A,BWσ, step 1.3 gives σV(w)=θ(1AiB)=AiB, while σ(A+iB)=A+iB=AiB by [L2].

step 1.3L1L2
2.2

If σV came from a real form V, then WσV=θ({1A:AV})=V: the fixed points of σV in W are the θ-images of the fixed points of σcan, which step 1.2 identifies with the embedded copy of V, and θ(1A)=A by the real-form condition.

step 1.2step 1.3L3
3.1

Steps 1.1, 2.1 and 2.2 show that the two assignments compose to the identity in both orders, so they are inverse bijections.

step 1.1step 2.1step 2.2

Depends on

Used by

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Sources