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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-29
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The tensor and direct-sum models of complexification are canonically complex-linearly isomorphic

Statement

Let V be a real vector space. The map

Φ:C⊗RV⟶V⊕iV,Φ(z⊗v):=z(v,0),

is a complex-linear isomorphism between the tensor model of Complexification as C⊗RV with its canonical real-linear embedding and the direct-sum model of The direct-sum model V⊕iV of a complexification. Its inverse is

Ψ:V⊕iV⟶C⊗RV,Ψ(v+iw):=1⊗v+i⊗w.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A real vector space V, with C regarded as a real vector space through R⊆C.

[L1]

The complexification VC=C⊗RV carries the complex scalar action z′⋅(z⊗v)=(z′z)⊗v and the real-linear embedding ιv=1⊗v (Complexification as C⊗RV with its canonical real-linear embedding).

[L2]

The direct-sum model is V⊕iV with (a+bi)⋅(v,w)=(av−bw, aw+bv), written v+iw=(v,w) (The direct-sum model V⊕iV of a complexification).

[L3]

Every R-balanced map b:C×V→A into a real vector space A extends uniquely to an R-linear map C⊗RV→A sending z⊗v to b(z,v) (Universal property of the tensor product for balanced maps into abelian groups).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenL2algebra

The map b:C×V→V⊕iV, b(z,v)=z(v,0), is R-bilinear: it is additive in each variable because the addition in V⊕iV is componentwise, and for r∈R one has b(zr,v)=(zr)(v,0)=z(r(v,0))=z(rv,0)=b(z,rv) by [L2].

2.1step 1.1L3

By [L3] there is a unique R-linear map Φ:C⊗RV→V⊕iV with Φ(z⊗v)=z(v,0).

3.1step 2.1L1L2algebra

The map Ψ(v+iw)=1⊗v+i⊗w satisfies Ψ∘Φ=id⁡ on elementary tensors: writing z=a+bi, one has Ψ(Φ(z⊗v))=Ψ(av+ibv)=1⊗(av)+i⊗(bv)=a(1⊗v)+b(i⊗v)=(a+bi)(1⊗v)=z⊗v by the scalar action of [L1].

3.2step 2.1L1L2algebra

Conversely Φ∘Ψ=id⁡: Φ(1⊗v+i⊗w)=(v,0)+i(w,0)=(v,0)+(0,w)=(v,w)=v+iw by [L2].

3.3step 2.1L1L2algebra

The map Φ is complex-linear: for z,z′∈C, Φ(z′⋅(z⊗v))=Φ((z′z)⊗v)=(z′z)(v,0)=z′(z(v,0))=z′Φ(z⊗v) by [L1] and [L2], and the identity extends from elementary tensors by additivity.

4.1step 3.1step 3.2step 3.3∎

Steps 3.1 and 3.2 make Φ bijective with inverse Ψ, and step 3.3 makes it complex-linear, so Φ is the claimed canonical complex-linear isomorphism.

Depends on

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