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DefinitionDefinition: AI-adaptedProof: Not applicablePipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-12
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Luzin sets, stick, and almost-disjoint guessing at omega one

Definition

Work in ZFC, with the choice axiom The Axiom of Choice. Throughout this small-space construction, κ=ω1 and E is the set of nonzero countable limit ordinals, equivalently Eωω1. This changes the preceding continuum-sized construction's notation. The facts that ordinals below ω1 are countable and countable subsets of ω1 are bounded are ω1 is uncountable, every ordinal below it is at most countable, it is a cardinal and a limit ordinal, and its existence is a theorem of ZF and Assuming countable choice: every at most countable subset of ω1 is bounded below ω1, so no at most countable subset of ω1 is cofinal in it, and a supremum of at most countably many at most countable ordinals is at most countable; their countable-choice hypothesis follows by restricting AC. Every nonzero countable limit has a cofinal increasing sequence: enumerate the ordinal, and successively choose an ordinal above the previous choice and the next enumerated value. Finite sets are bounded in a limit ordinal, so its cofinality is exactly ω. A club is an unbounded subset containing its nonzero limit points below κ; a stationary set meets every club.

  1. In Baire space N=ωω of Baire sequence space NN and its cylinder topology, write ω<ω for the finite strings and Nt={x:tx} for a cylinder. The empty string gives N=N. A set is nowhere dense when its closure has empty interior, and meager when it is a countable union of nowhere dense sets. A closed FN is nowhere dense exactly when every cylinder has a subcylinder disjoint from F: an open complement meeting each cylinder gives such a subcylinder, and a cylinder in the interior would contradict the subcylinder condition. A classical Luzin set in N, or in R with its usual topology, is an uncountable set meeting every meager set in an at most countable set. A set LN of size 1 has the ω1-Luzin cylinder property if for every uncountable BL there is tω<ω such that every finite extension ut is extended by an element of B. This says B is dense in Nt; it is a separate definition from classical Luzin.

  2. Stick at ω1 asserts a sequence (sξ)ξ<κ of countably infinite subsets of κ such that every uncountable Xκ contains some sξ. Repetitions in the sequence are allowed. Empty and countable targets carry no requirement.

  3. Let P be a partition of E into stationary sets. An AD guessing array for P is (Aαi)αE, i<ω with Aαiα cofinal, with AαiAαi= for ii, and with AαiAβj bounded in α whenever α<β lie in E. Its guessing requirement is: for every 1r<ω, every list of uncountable sets X0,,Xr1κ, and every SP, the set

    {αS:(i<ω)(j<r) sup(AαiXj)=α}

    is stationary. Lists may repeat targets. This is AD(P,ω,<ω), with bounded intersections, which need not be finite.

  4. The strong diagonal AD property requires disjoint cofinal members in every row and finite intersections AαiAβj for distinct row indices αβ. For every sequence (Xν)ν<κ of uncountable subsets of κ and every SP, it requires stationarity of

    {αS:(i<ω)(ν<α) sup(AαiXν)=α}.

    This is the ω1 instance of AD(P,ω,ω1). It implies clause 3: pad a finite list by κ, and intersect the stationary guessing set with the club tail above its length. Finite intersections are bounded in the nonzero limit indices.

  5. A single-ladder two-target AD system consists of pairwise disjoint stationary sets (Sn)1n<ω contained in E, with union S, and sets Aαα cofinal for αS. For α<β in S, require AαAβ bounded in α. For every two uncountable X0,X1κ and each n1, require stationarily many αSn with sup(AαX0)=sup(AαX1)=α. An array in clause 3 on such a partition supplies this by taking its zeroth member, Aα=Aα0. No order-type-ω requirement is imposed on these ladders.

These definitions assert no ZFC existence. Zero and successors are excluded as final ladder indices. Ordinary diamond is the subset-guessing principle of Diamond on ω1, and Ostaszewski is the uncountable-target containment principle of The Ostaszewski club principle. Ordinary club guessing tests club targets; this differs from testing all uncountable targets. Parameterized (b) is also a different principle, and is not an abbreviation for ordinary diamond here.

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