Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-22
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A universal-meagre stage absorbs an old nowhere-dense tree

Example

Let S be an old perfect nowhere-dense binary tree and let (t,T) be a UM condition. The absorption lemma gives a direct extension whose generic F-sigma code contains [S]. When the two trees have a level beyond t at which the witness tree has at least as many nodes as S, the extension has the explicit finite graft below. The singleton closed nowhere-dense set {0ω} has a separate one-node perfect graft, displayed level by level below; its prefix tree is not called perfect. Below the distinguished weakest condition, first take the explicit nontrivial condition of the UM definition.

Verification

Given: A condition (t,T) of UM and an old perfect nowhere-dense tree S, with the generic tree UG of Shelah's universal-meagre forcing.

[F1] Shelah's universal-meagre forcing: conditions, order, and the containment of every witness tree of a generic condition in the generic tree.

[F2] A universal-meagre generic absorbs old nowhere-dense sets: the meagre envelope is formed from a fixed canonical enumeration (πm)m<ω of all finite-prefix rearrangements of the generic tree.

[F3] Trees and their bodies: tree bodies and prefix closure; the section and graft formulas are verified below.

[F4] Nowhere dense, meagre, residual, and comeagre subsets of a topological space: nowhere density means that the closure has empty interior; a finite union of closed nowhere-dense sets is closed nowhere dense, since any cylinder can be refined successively to avoid each of the finitely many sets.

1.1

For the explicit matched-width case, fix a level n>ht(t) satisfying T2nS2n; this is an additional hypothesis for the display, not a consequence of perfection. Write S2n={s1,,sk} and choose distinct η1,,ηkT2n.

F1
1.2

Let T be the set of all nodes of T together with all nodes ηiτ for tails τ satisfying siτS, together with their initial segments; that is, replace the prefix si by ηi rather than concatenate the full old word. Prefixes shorter than n already lie in T. Then T is a tree containing T, its recorded initial tree through height ht(t) is t, it is perfect because the nodes of T keep their splitting extensions and each ηi inherits the splitting of the perfect tree S below si, and it is nowhere dense because its body is the union of the nowhere-dense set [T] with the finitely many homeomorphic images of the closed nowhere-dense sets [S][si]. Hence (t,T) is a direct extension of (t,T).

F1F3
1.3

For every x[S] there is exactly one i with 1ik and x[si]. Let ρi be the full level-n permutation swapping ηi with si (the identity if they agree) and leaving all other level words and all subsequent tail bits unchanged. Since [F2] fixes an enumeration of every finite-prefix rearrangement, define mi to be the least m with πm=ρi. Then ρi1(x)[ηi][T][UG], because the graft is recorded in the witness tree T and every witness tree of a condition in the generic filter is contained in the generic tree. Hence xπmi([UG]), and the condition (t,T) forces [S]1ikπmi([UG]), a finite subunion of the countable meagre envelope of the absorption lemma.

F2F4step 1.2
2.1

Singleton case displayed level by level: for A={0ω}, choose n>ht(t), a node ηT2n, and let Z={σ2<ω:(j)(2j<σσ(2j)=0)}. Its body contains 0ω, has arbitrarily late free odd coordinates and is nowhere dense because a later even coordinate can be set to 1; graft Z below η, so T=T{ησ:σZ}. At every level mn the graft contributes the nodes ησ with σ=mn (some may already belong to T). The body remains nowhere dense by the finite-union argument of step 1.2; no same-level sibling of η is required. The full prefix permutation swapping 0n and η sends the grafted branch η0ω[UG] to 0ω, so 0ωπ([UG]), and this single finite substitution is the whole code at this stage.

F1F4step 1.2
3.1

The general existence assertion is the exact content of [F2]. Under the additional matched-width hypothesis, steps 1.1--1.3 exhibit the finite graft explicitly, and step 2.1 supplies the unconditional singleton instance. No claim is made that perfection alone yields the width comparison or that the generic tree itself contains every old tree.

F2step 1.1step 1.3step 2.1

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