How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Sampling and finite-bootstrap errors for a Bernoulli mean
Example
Let be IID observations in with and . Take each observation as one resampling unit in the finite measurable space , and define on . The map is measurable because its domain has the full power-set sigma-algebra. Suppose the observed ordered sample is , an event of probability . The population mean is , while the data estimate is . Fix these data and use the size-two empirical-law bootstrap of Size-n bootstrap from the empirical law. Each resample chooses two indices independently and uniformly from , with replacement. Its conditional sample-mean law has values with probabilities . In four independent resamples, suppose the ordered index pairs are , giving means . This finite realization lets us compare the data-sampling error, the exact conditional bootstrap target, and finite- simulation error. It makes no bootstrap-validity claim.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The stated IID two-point observation law, observed sample , finite unit space and map , bootstrap procedure, and four realized resamples. Prove the conditional bootstrap law and error separation.
The error ledger uses a declared scalar target and explicit successive reference values, with each stage error equal to the difference of adjacent references. (Successive statistical and computational error targets)
The total realized error along the finite reference chain is the sum of its signed stage errors. (Pathwise error decomposition along a reference chain)
Identical distribution and IID families: IID means a common law and mutual independence.
Size-n bootstrap from the empirical law: for a fixed tuple of length , draw indices independently and uniformly from , with replacement, and apply the declared measurable statistic to the resampled tuple.
Empirical-law bootstrap draws are conditionally IID: conditional on the fixed observed tuple, the resampled coordinates are IID with common law equal to its empirical measure.
For IID finite-variance replicate outputs, is unbiased for the variance of their average. (Unbiased variance estimate from independent computation replicates)
The observations are IID with the stated two-point law; the target is their mean .
The observed ordered tuple is in the finite measurable unit space ; each entry is one resampling unit and is measurable on the full power-set sample space.
Four independent repetitions of the stated bootstrap algorithm produce the listed ordered index pairs.
Verification
By [A1], the observed event has probability . By [A2], its statistic is , so the realized data-sampling error is .
By [F4] and [F5], the four equally likely ordered pairs of bootstrap indices have sample means , respectively. Therefore the conditional bootstrap mean is and its conditional variance is .
The four stated means average to , so the finite- simulation error relative to the exact conditional bootstrap mean is . Each ordered index pair has conditional probability ; independence across the four repetitions makes this listed realization have probability .
Under the conditional resampling law, the four replicate means are IID with variance by step 1.2 and [A3]; [F6] gives variance for their average. This is computation-randomization variance conditional on the data, distinct from the data-sampling error in step 1.1.
The chain has successive errors . Their sum is , so the realized total error is exactly the separate sampling and finite- errors in steps 1.1 and 2.1.
Depends on
- Successive statistical and computational error targets
- Pathwise error decomposition along a reference chain
- Unbiased variance estimate from independent computation replicates
- Identical distribution and IID families
- Size-n bootstrap from the empirical law
- Empirical-law bootstrap draws are conditionally IID
Used by
Nothing in the library uses this result yet.
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Anthony Davison and David Hinkley, Bootstrap Methods and Their Application, Chapter 2 §2.5.1–§2.5.2 (standard reference, not scraped)