How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Brownian bridge from Brownian motion
Example
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be a standard Brownian motion and, for , define
Then is a centered Gaussian process with one almost-surely continuous path event,
and almost surely while identically. This is the standard Brownian bridge from to over .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC and a standard Brownian motion .
Brownian motion is a centered Gaussian process with covariance and has one probability-one continuity event. Brownian motion, Gaussian process.
Covariance is symmetric and bilinear in finite linear combinations. Covariance is symmetric and bilinear in finite linear combinations.
The Lebesgue integral, hence expectation on an arbitrary probability space, is linear on finite linear combinations of integrable random variables. The Lebesgue integral is linear on .
Finite sums, products, and scalar multiples of continuous real maps are continuous. Sums, products, absolute values, finite maxima and minima, and quotients of continuous real-valued maps on a topological space are continuous where defined.
A finite intersection of probability-one events has probability one. Basic identities for a probability measure.
AC is inherited through the Brownian and Gaussian-law interfaces. The Axiom of Choice.
Verification
Fix , times , and coefficients . Then This is a finite linear combination of Brownian values, with time appended if necessary, so [F1] makes it normal; repeated occurrences of time , repeated , and zero coefficients are allowed. Its mean is zero by finite linearity because all Brownian values are centered. Hence is a centered Gaussian process.
For , covariance bilinearity gives Since and , this is .
Let be the probability-one event on which is continuous on , and let . Their intersection has probability one by [F5]. For , the map is continuous and [F4] makes continuous on . On this event , while for every one has .
Steps 1.1--1.3 establish Gaussianity, centering, the covariance, path continuity, and both endpoints. The cases , , , and follow directly from the same covariance formula, including its zero endpoint variances. The empty finite-dimensional list, if admitted, has the unique empty-tuple law. AC is used only through [F1]; the deterministic linear transformation and continuity argument make no new choice.
Source notes
Yoshida, Exercise 6.1.10, printed p. 180, defines a Brownian bridge from to over duration as . Durrett, Section 8.4, printed pp. 412--413, specializes this to and computes the covariance for . The proof above supplies all finite-dimensional and endpoint details.
Depends on
- Gaussian process
- Brownian motion
- The Lebesgue integral is linear on $L^1(\mu)$
- Covariance is symmetric and bilinear in finite linear combinations
- Sums, products, absolute values, finite maxima and minima, and quotients of continuous real-valued maps on a topological space are continuous where defined
- Basic identities for a probability measure
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
Nothing in the library uses this result yet.
Dependency tree · two levels
32 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Nobuaki Yoshida, Probability Theory, Exercise 6.1.10 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Rick Durrett, Probability: Theory and Examples, fifth edition, Section 8.4 (standard reference, not scraped)