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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-27
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The Lebesgue integral is linear on L1(μ)

Statement

The class L1(μ) is a complex vector space, and the Lebesgue integral is complex-linear on it: ∫(αf+βg) dμ=α∫f dμ+β∫g dμ(α,β∈C, f,g∈L1(μ)).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Integrable functions f,g∈L1(μ) and scalars α,β∈C.

[L1]

Real and complex integrability, together with the decomposition into positive and negative parts and into real and imaginary parts, is defined in Integrable real and complex functions, and their integrals.

[L2]

The nonnegative integral is additive (Additivity of the nonnegative Lebesgue integral).

[L3]

The nonnegative integral is monotone and homogeneous (Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral).

[L4]

Sums and real scalar multiples of measurable real-valued functions are measurable (Closure properties of measurable functions used by the integral).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1L2L3L4algebra

First treat real-valued f,g and put h:=f+g. By [L4], the function h is measurable. Also h+≤f++g+,h−≤f−+g−, so [L2] and [L3] give ∫h+ dμ≤∫f+ dμ+∫g+ dμ<+∞,∫h− dμ≤∫f− dμ+∫g− dμ<+∞. Hence h is integrable. Since h++f−+g−=h−+f++g+, another application of [L2] yields ∫h+ dμ+∫f− dμ+∫g− dμ=∫h− dμ+∫f+ dμ+∫g+ dμ, which rearranges to ∫(f+g) dμ=∫f dμ+∫g dμ.

1.2L1L3L4algebra

Now let c∈R and let f be real-valued. By [L4], cf is measurable. If c≥0, then (cf)+=cf+,(cf)−=cf−; if c<0, then (cf)+=(−c)f−,(cf)−=(−c)f+. In both cases [L3] shows that cf is integrable and that ∫(cf) dμ=c∫f dμ.

2.1L1step 1.1step 1.2algebra∎

Let h=u+iv∈L1(μ) and γ=a+ib∈C. Then γh=(au−bv)+i(av+bu). The real-valued functions au−bv and av+bu are integrable by steps 1.1 and 1.2, and their real-linear integral formulas combine into ∫(γh) dμ=γ∫h dμ. Writing αf=h1+ik1 and βg=h2+ik2 with real-valued integrable hj,kj, step 1.1 gives ∫(αf+βg) dμ=∫(h1+h2) dμ+i∫(k1+k2) dμ=∫h1 dμ+i∫k1 dμ+∫h2 dμ+i∫k2 dμ=α∫f dμ+β∫g dμ.

Depends on

Used by

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