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The all-right triangle must be filled; the disconnected universal-Coxeter nerve is CAT(1) vacuously

Example

(i) The all-right triangle is filled. Let (W′,S′) be the Coxeter system with S′={s,t,u} and mxy=2 for all distinct x,y∈S′, so that W′≅(Z/2)3 is finite, and let L′ be its nerve (The Coxeter nerve and its Moussong metric). Every pair is spherical with C{s,t}=id2 positive definite, so all three edges of L′ exist with length π−π/2=π2; and S′ itself is spherical with CS′=id3 positive definite (Finiteness criterion: W is finite exactly when the Coxeter form is positive definite). Thus L′ is the filled all-right spherical triangle Σ(id3), a single 2-simplex (Gram realisations, radial normalisation, finite spherical complexes and link Gram formulas(i)-(ii)), whose three interior angles are π/2 by the spherical cosine rule. Its boundary 3-cycle has perimeter 3⋅π2<2π, but it is not an isometrically embedded circle: the loop is not locally geodesic at the corners, since the segment of the convex triangle between two nearby boundary points across a corner is strictly shorter than the boundary arc through the corner (Gram realisations, radial normalisation, finite spherical complexes and link Gram formulas(ii)).

(ii) The disconnected universal-Coxeter nerve is CAT(1) vacuously. Let (W′′,S′′) be the Coxeter system with S′′={s1,s2,s3} and msisj=∞ for all i≠j, so that W′′ is the free product of three copies of Z/2 (Coxeter matrices, the presented Coxeter group, reduced words, length, and standard parabolic subgroups); let L′′ be its nerve. No two-element subset is spherical — the infinite dihedral group is infinite — so L′′ has no edges and no simplices beyond its three vertices; with the truncated angular metric (The angular path metric, the Euclidean cone and spherical joins(2)) distinct vertices are at distance π. Hence L′′ has no pair of distinct points at distance <π, and every triangle of perimeter <2π is constant — any triangle with two distinct vertices has a side of length π and perimeter ≥2π — so it is vacuously Dπ-geodesic and CAT(1); equivalently, its components are three one-point CAT(1) spaces at mutual truncated distance π.

(iii) Comparison and girth. Neither L′ nor L′′ contains an isometrically embedded circle: this is proved directly for L′ in step 2.3, and L′′ is discrete. Thus both have girth +∞, in particular at least 2π. They contrast a filled boundary cycle with a nerve having no edges: for L′ the all-right cosine matrix id3 is positive definite, so the metric flag condition forces the simplex and the would-be boundary cycle of perimeter 3π2 is filled; for L′′ the three vertices are pairwise non-adjacent, the cosine entries of a non-edge are −1 and no set of two or more vertices triggers the metric flag test (indeed every matrix with an off-diagonal −1 is not positive definite). The all-right edges lie at the boundary value π/2 of the large hypothesis, where the metric flag test reduces to Gromov's flag test; the value π assigned to a non-edge pair of the universal-Coxeter nerve is not an edge length of any large complex.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Coxeter systems (W′,S′) with S′={s,t,u} and mxy=2 for all distinct x,y, and (W′′,S′′) with S′′={s1,s2,s3} and msisj=∞ for i≠j; their Coxeter nerves L′=L(W′,S′) and L′′=L(W′′,S′′) with the Moussong metric (The Coxeter nerve and its Moussong metric).

[F1]

The simplices of the nerve L(W,S) are the spherical subsets T, carrying the spherical simplices Σ(CT) for CT=(B(es,et))s,t∈T; a two-element subset spans an edge exactly when mst<∞, of length π−π/mst; face links are the iterated Schur complements; and the complex carries the chain metric d and its truncation dπ=min⁡{π,d}, whose value between distinct components is π. (The Coxeter nerve and its Moussong metric, The angular path metric, the Euclidean cone and spherical joins, Metric space: d(x,y)=0 iff x=y, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric)

[F2]

A finite spherical complex is large when every simplex off-diagonal is at most 0, and metric flag when for every pairwise adjacent vertex set T: T spans a simplex exactly when CT is positive definite; the associated almost-negative matrix assigns the value −1 to a non-edge pair. (Finite large spherical complexes, their almost-negative matrices, the metric flag condition, and links)

[F3]

A subset T of S is spherical exactly when WT is finite, exactly when CT is positive definite. (Finiteness criterion: W is finite exactly when the Coxeter form is positive definite)

[F5]

CAT(1) means that pairs at distance <π are joined by a geodesic segment and that geodesic triangles of perimeter <2π satisfy the spherical comparison; an isometrically embedded circle of length ℓ is a subspace isometric to R/ℓZ with its circle metric. (Comparison triangles, the CAT(0) and CAT(1) inequalities, local CAT, local geodesics and round circles)

[F7]

For a positive-definite C the realisation Σ(C) is a convex subset of the round sphere: the ambient round distance between two of its points is realized by a great-circle arc lying in it, and its geodesics are the restrictions of the minimal great-circle arcs; its triangles obey the spherical cosine rule cos⁡c=cos⁡acos⁡b+sin⁡asin⁡bcos⁡γ; and for x,y∈Σ(id3) one has ⟨x,y⟩≥0, so diam⁡Σ(id3)≤π/2. (Gram realisations, radial normalisation, finite spherical complexes and link Gram formulas, Comparison triangles in the Euclidean plane and the round sphere, model spaces, and CAT(0) and CAT(1) consequences)

[F8]

The Coxeter presentation has the involution relation si2=1 and no relator between distinct generators when msisj=∞. Mapping si to the reflection ri(n)=2i−n of Z for i=1,2,3 respects the presentation; for i≠j, rirj is translation by the nonzero integer 2(i−j) and has infinite order. Thus each two-generator parabolic is infinite. (Coxeter matrices, the presented Coxeter group, reduced words, length, and standard parabolic subgroups)

[F9]

A free product is characterized by its universal property for homomorphisms from the factors (The free product of an arbitrary family of groups); the universal property of the Coxeter presentation is that of Coxeter matrices, the presented Coxeter group, reduced words, length, and standard parabolic subgroups.

Verification

1.1F1F3F6algebra

Clause (i), the filling. The Coxeter presentation has s2=t2=u2=1, and for each distinct pair the relation (st)2=1 gives st=ts; thus every word reduces to satbuc with a,b,c∈{0,1}. The map sending s,t,u to the three standard generators of (Z/2)3 is surjective, so the group has at least eight elements; the word reduction shows it has at most eight, hence W′≅(Z/2)3. For the all-right system B(ex,ey)=−cos⁡(π/2)=0 for x≠y, so CT is the identity matrix of size ∣T∣ for every T⊆S′, in particular positive definite [F6]; by [F3] every subset is spherical, so the nerve L′ has all three edges of length π−π/2=π/2 [F1] and the cell Σ(id3) on S′ [F1], and no further cells exist; hence L′ is exactly the filled all-right triangle Σ(id3).

1.2F1F3F8F9

Clause (ii), free product and no edges. Giving a homomorphism from W′′ to a group H is exactly giving three involutions in H, by the universal property of its Coxeter presentation; these are precisely three homomorphisms Z/2→H. Thus W′′ has the free-product universal property of three copies of Z/2 (The free product of an arbitrary family of groups, Coxeter matrices, the presented Coxeter group, reduced words, length, and standard parabolic subgroups). For each two-element subset {si,sj}⊆S′′, [F8] shows that its subgroup contains an element of infinite order, so it is not finite; by [F3] the pair is not spherical and spans no edge of L′′ [F1]. Since a cell with two vertices is exactly an edge, the spherical subsets of S′′ are ∅ and the three singletons, and L′′ has no simplex of positive dimension.

2.1F7step 1.1algebra

Clause (i), the angles. In Σ(id3) all three sides equal π/2, and the spherical cosine rule with side c opposite the angle γ between the two sides of length π/2 gives cos⁡(π/2)=cos⁡(π/2)cos⁡(π/2)+sin⁡(π/2)sin⁡(π/2)cos⁡γ, that is 0=cos⁡γ and γ=π/2 [F7]; the same computation at the other two corners gives three interior angles π/2.

2.2F1F5step 1.2algebra

Clause (ii), the metric. The truncation sends the value +∞ between distinct components to π [F1], and the components of L′′ are its three vertices, so distinct vertices of L′′ are at truncated distance π; therefore L′′ has no pair of distinct points at distance <π, and a triangle with two distinct vertices has a side of length π and perimeter at least 2π, while a triangle with a single vertex has perimeter 0 and satisfies the comparison trivially. Thus all CAT(1) tests of L′′ are vacuous and L′′ is CAT(1); its components are three one-point CAT(1) spaces at mutual truncated distance π.

2.3F5F7step 1.1algebra

Clause (iii), the filled triangle has no circle. Since CS′=id3, its Cholesky realization has the standard basis as vertices, so Σ(id3)={x∈S2:x1,x2,x3≥0} [F7]. For any x,y in this octant, x⋅y≥0, so their round distance δ≤π/2. If 0<δ<π, the shorter great-circle segment has points (sin⁡((1−t)δ)x+sin⁡(tδ)y)/sin⁡δ for 0≤t≤1; its coefficients are nonnegative, so it stays in the octant. Thus Σ(id3) is geodesically convex and its chain metric is the round metric, with diameter at most π/2. If an isometric circle Sℓ1 embedded in L′, its diameter ℓ/2 would be at most π/2, so ℓ≤π<2π. The two semicircles between opposite points of Sℓ1 would give distinct geodesic segments of length ℓ/2<π in L′, contradicting uniqueness of the shorter great-circle arc in the round sphere [F7]. Hence L′ contains no isometrically embedded circle.

3.1F5F7step 2.1algebra

Clause (i), the boundary loop. Let Γ be the boundary 3-cycle, of length 3⋅π/2<2π. Fix a corner and let xt,yt be the points at distance t∈(0,π/4) from it on the two incident edges: their inner product is cos⁡2t+sin⁡2tcos⁡(π/2)=cos⁡2t, so their distance is d(t)=arccos⁡(cos⁡2t)<2t because cos⁡ is strictly decreasing on [0,π] and cos⁡2t>cos⁡2t for t∈(0,π/2) [F7]; replacing the two boundary subarcs of total length 2t by the geodesic segment of length d(t) inside the convex triangle is a strict shortening of Γ near the corner, so Γ is not locally geodesic and hence not an isometrically embedded circle, whose sufficiently short arcs would be minimizing [F5].

4.1F1F2F5F6step 1.1step 2.2step 2.3∎

Clause (iii), the discrete nerve and the comparison. Since L′′ is discrete [step 2.2], every continuous map from the connected space R/ℓZ into L′′ is constant, so L′′ contains no isometrically embedded circle. Together with step 2.3 this proves both girth values are +∞, hence at least 2π. For the comparison: the value 0 of the all-right cosine matrix lies at the boundary of the large hypothesis and makes the metric flag test the ordinary flag test, which fills the triangle of 1.1; the value −1 of a non-edge pair of L′′ would make the 2×2 principal block (1−1−11) have the nonzero kernel vector (1,1), hence not positive definite [F6], so it is never the cosine of an edge and no set of two or more vertices triggers the metric flag test.

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