Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-generatedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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Hilbert spaces are uniformly convex

Statement

Here a Hilbert space means a real or complex inner product space that is complete for its induced norm. Every Hilbert space is uniformly convex. More precisely, for 0<ε≤2 the parallelogram identity gives the modulus

δ(ε)=1−1−ε2/4.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A real or complex inner product space H, complete for its induced norm, and a real number 0<ε≤2.

[F1]

The inner product is linear in the first variable, conjugate-linear in the second, conjugate symmetric, and positive definite (Real and complex inner product spaces, with the inner product linear in the first argument). Its induced norm is ∥x∥=⟨x,x⟩ (The norm ∥v∥=⟨v,v⟩ induced by a real or complex inner product).

[F2]

The induced function is nonnegative, definite, absolutely homogeneous, and satisfies the triangle inequality (The inner-product norm is definite, homogeneous, and satisfies the triangle inequality).

[F3]

A normed space complete for its norm metric is Banach (Banach space). Such a space is uniformly convex exactly when for every ε∈(0,2] a positive δ gives the required midpoint drop for every pair in its closed unit ball (Uniformly convex Banach space).

[F4]

Every nonnegative real has a unique nonnegative square root, and squaring is strictly increasing on the nonnegative reals (Square roots exist: a unique a≥0 with (a)2=a; the positives are {x2:x≠0}, Squaring is monotone on the nonnegatives).

Proof

technique · Expand the two squared inner-product norms, then read an explicit positive modulus from the parallelogram identity
1.1F2F3given

By [F2], the induced function is a norm. The assumed completeness and [F3] therefore make H a real or complex Banach space. This also covers the zero Hilbert space.

1.2F1

For arbitrary x,y∈H, expand with [F1]: ∥x+y∥2=∥x∥2+⟨x,y⟩+⟨y,x⟩+∥y∥2, while ∥x−y∥2=∥x∥2−⟨x,y⟩−⟨y,x⟩+∥y∥2. Adding cancels the two cross terms, over both scalar fields, and gives ∥x+y∥2+∥x−y∥2=2∥x∥2+2∥y∥2.

2.1step 1.2F2F4given

Now let x,y lie in the closed unit ball and suppose ∥x−y∥≥ε. By [F2] and step 1.2, ∥x+y2∥2=∥x∥2+∥y∥22−∥x−y∥24≤1−ε24. The radicand r=1−ε2/4 belongs to [0,1) because 0<ε≤2. Let s=r≥0 as in [F4]. If s≥1, then either s=1 or strict monotonicity of squaring gives s2>1, whereas s2=r<1; hence s<1. Since both ∥(x+y)/2∥ and s are nonnegative, their squared inequality and strict monotonicity of squaring give ∥x+y2∥≤s=1−δ(ε). Thus δ(ε)=1−s>0. At ε=2, r=s=0 and δ(2)=1.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1F3F4∎

Step 2.1 applies to every closed-unit-ball pair satisfying the separation hypothesis and supplies a positive number depending only on ε. Therefore [F3] proves that H is uniformly convex. No choice principle is used: the square root in the displayed formula is unique by [F4].

Remarks

The definition of Hilbert space needed by this example is given explicitly in the statement. The proof uses only the earlier inner-product page and does not cite the later Hilbert-space geometry and Riesz-representation page.

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