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ExampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-08-31
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Continuing the logarithm once around the unit circle adds 2 pi i

Example

Let γ(t)=e2πit for 0t1, and start with the principal logarithm germ at 1. Continuation of that germ once around γ ends at the germ of Log+2πi at 1. In particular one full turn adds 2πi.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The loop γ(t)=e2πit and the principal logarithm germ at 1.

[L1]

The principal logarithm is holomorphic on the slit plane and satisfies exp(Logz)=z (The principal logarithm is the normalised holomorphic branch on the slit plane).

[L2]

Two exponential values are equal exactly when they differ by an element of 2πiZ (ker(exp)=2πiZ, and expz=expw exactly when zw2πiZ).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

For t[0,1], let Vt:=e2πitB(1,1/2) and define Lt(u):=2πit+Log(e2πitu) for uVt. By [L1], each Lt is holomorphic on Vt and satisfies exp(Lt(u))=u and Lt(γ(t))=2πit.

L1algebra
2.1

Use the subdivision tk:=k/16 for 0k16. For t[tk,tk+1], γ(t)γ(tk)2sin(π/16)<12, so the whole subpath lies in Vtk. At the joining point one has Ltk(γ(tk+1))=2πitk+Log(e2πi/16)=2πitk+1=Ltk+1(γ(tk+1)), because the argument increment is π/8. Thus the branches form an admissible continuation chain along γ. At t=0 this is the principal logarithm germ, while the terminal germ at 1 has value 2πi. By [L2], it is the germ of Log+2πi at 1.

step 1.1L2algebra

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