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A stable planar cycle can have a singular phase slice
Statement
On the annulus consider
The unit circle is an orbitally asymptotically stable periodic orbit of period . At the affine phase has a singular phase-bordered shooting Jacobian, while is transverse and gives an invertible phase-bordered shooting Jacobian.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The smooth autonomous field on the annulus, the unit-circle candidate orbit, and the two affine phase functions.
The phase-bordered residual for phase covector is , and its Jacobian has period column (The phase-bordered periodic-orbit BVP residual).
The bordered Jacobian is singular when and is invertible when the neutral multiplier is simple and the phase is transverse (A simple neutral multiplier and transverse phase make the shooting Jacobian invertible).
Proof
The identities and give and . Thus is invariant and , so the least period is . Differentiating at gives the radial variational equation , whose multiplier is ; the angular variational equation is , whose multiplier is . Because the polar-coordinate Jacobian at times and is the same invertible matrix, the Cartesian monodromy is conjugate to . For the radial derivative is positive, and for it is negative, so each nearby radius moves monotonically toward and remains between its initial value and . It has a limit ; if , then is eventually bounded away from zero, contradicting convergence. Hence is an equilibrium, and the interval between the initial radius and contains only the equilibrium , so . These bounds also give Lyapunov stability of the unit circle. Thus the orbit is orbitally asymptotically stable and its neutral multiplier is simple.
At the vector field is . For , and , so [F2] gives a singular shooting Jacobian. For , and ; the phase multiplier is simple by step 1.1, so [F2] gives an invertible Jacobian.
Depends on
Used by
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Sources
- Y. A. Kuznetsov, Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory, 2nd ed., Chapter 1, §1.5 (standard reference, not scraped)
- E. J. Doedel and B. E. Oldeman, AUTO-07P full manual (2021) (standard reference, not scraped)