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The BCH group of a nilpotent Lie algebra

Example

Let n be a finite-dimensional nilpotent real Lie algebra. On its underlying vector space set xy=BCH(x,y). The BCH series truncates to a polynomial group law with identity 0 and inverse x; the group is connected and simply connected and has Lie algebra n.

This item is stated under ZF+ACω.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite-dimensional real nilpotent Lie algebra.

[L1]

In exponential coordinates, the BCH series gives the local multiplication wherever the local logarithm is defined (Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff theorem).

[L2]

Under countable choice, every finite-dimensional real Lie algebra has a connected simply connected integration (Lie's third fundamental theorem).

[L3]

The exponential map of a connected simply connected group with nilpotent Lie algebra is a global diffeomorphism; in these coordinates multiplication is the BCH polynomial, which terminates after finitely many bracket lengths (Exponential diffeomorphism for simply connected nilpotent Lie groups).

Verification

technique · global BCH coordinates
1.1

If n has class c, every Lie monomial of bracket length greater than c vanishes. Thus the BCH expression supplied globally by [L3] is a finite polynomial. Its universal identities give BCH(x,0)=x=BCH(0,x) and BCH(x,x)=0.

L3givenalgebra
2.1

Let N be the connected simply connected integration supplied by [L2]. By [L3], exp:nN is a diffeomorphism and the transported global product xy=log(expxexpy) is the truncated BCH polynomial; this agrees with the local formula in [L1]. Associativity, identity 0, and inverse x follow from the laws of N.

L1L2L3step 1.1
3.1

The underlying manifold is nRdimn, hence is connected and simply connected, including dimension zero. The antisymmetric part of the quadratic BCH term is [x,y], so differentiating the commutator recovers the original bracket.

L1step 2.1algebra
4.1

In the Heisenberg algebra, (ae+bf+cz)(ae+bf+cz)=(a+a)e+(b+b)f+(c+c+12(abba))z, because brackets of length three vanish. This is a concrete nonabelian instance. The declared ACω is exactly that inherited through [L2]–[L3]; the finite calculation adds no choice.

L2L3step 3.1algebra

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