Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedprecheck passjudge pass (deepseek-v4-pro + claude-opus-5[1m])audited 2026-08-24
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

The shell and washer methods both give 8π/3 for a rotated parabolic cap

Example

Revolve the region 0≤x≤2, (x−1)2≤y≤1 about the y-axis. Both cylindrical shells and horizontal washers give volume 8π/3.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The parabolic-cap region in the Example.

[F1]

A solid formed by revolving a nonnegative profile f about the y-axis has volume 2π∫abxf(x) dx (The cylindrical-shell formula for a solid of revolution about the y-axis).

[F2]

A washer solid has volume π∫(f2−g2) (The washer formula for a solid of revolution between two nonnegative profiles).

[F3]

If two bounded Jordan sets meet in a content-zero set, the content of their union is the sum of their contents (Jordan content is finitely additive when the overlap has content zero).

[F4]

The graph of a continuous real function on a compact subset of Rm has content zero in Rm+1 (The graph of a continuous function on a compact Euclidean set has content zero).

[F5]

A bounded set is Jordan measurable if and only if its boundary has content zero (A bounded set in Rm is Jordan measurable iff its boundary is null, equivalently of content zero).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1F1algebra

Put f1(x)=1 and f2(x)=(x−1)2 on [0,2]; both are continuous and nonnegative and f2≤f1 there. By [F1] the solids S1 and S2 obtained by revolving 0≤y≤fi(x) about the y-axis are compact and Jordan measurable with contents 2π∫02x dx=4π and 2π∫02x(x−1)2 dx=4π/3.

1.2F2algebra

At height 0≤y≤1, the washer radii are 1+y and 1−y. By [F2], its area is 4πy, and ∫014πy dy=8π/3.

2.1step 1.1F4F5algebra

In cylindrical terms, writing ρ for the distance to the y-axis, the solid S of the Example is {f2(ρ)≤y≤f1(ρ), ρ≤2}, while Si={0≤y≤fi(ρ), ρ≤2}. Hence S∪S2=S1, and S∩S2 is the set {y=f2(ρ)}, the graph of a continuous function on the closed disc of radius 2, which has content zero by [F4]. The boundary of the bounded set S lies in the union of the boundaries of S1 and S2, which have content zero by [F5] and step 1.1, so [F5] makes S Jordan measurable.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1F3algebra

By [F3] applied to S and S2, cont⁡(S1)=cont⁡(S)+cont⁡(S2), so step 1.1 gives cont⁡(S)=4π−4π/3=8π/3; this is the shell value 2π∫02x(1−(x−1)2) dx, the shell height being the difference of the two profiles.

4.1step 1.2step 3.1∎

The two independent descriptions therefore give the same volume 8π/3.

Depends on

Used by

Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Dependency tree · two levels

63 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources