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Borel-Moore and ordinary homology agree for compact spaces
Statement
Let be a compact Hausdorff topological space and let be a commutative ring. The inclusion of the ordinary singular chain complex into the complex of locally finite chains of Borel-Moore homology by locally finite chains is an isomorphism of chain complexes, and it induces isomorphisms in every degree, natural for continuous maps of compact Hausdorff spaces (The singular chain complex and singular homology). In particular the class map of a proper complex algebraic variety may be computed using ordinary singular homology.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A compact Hausdorff space , a commutative ring , and the locally finite chain complex of Borel-Moore homology by locally finite chains.
Borel-Moore homology by locally finite chains: consists of formal sums over continuous -simplices such that every point of has an open neighbourhood meeting only finitely many images of the simplices with nonzero coefficient; the boundary is coefficientwise; ordinary singular chains are the sums with finite support, and a proper continuous map induces a pushforward on locally finite chains.
Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right and Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally: a space is compact when every open cover has a finite subcover, and continuity makes preimages of open sets open. By In a Hausdorff space a point and a disjoint compact set, and two disjoint compact sets, have disjoint open neighbourhoods; hence every compact subset is closed, and in a compact Hausdorff space the compact subsets are exactly the closed ones a compact subset of a Hausdorff space is closed, and by A closed subspace of a compact space is compact, and a finite union of compact subspaces is compact a closed subspace of a compact space is compact.
Proof
Every ordinary singular chain is locally finite: a sum with finite support has only finitely many distinct images, so any neighbourhood of any point meets at most those finitely many images. The inclusion is therefore defined, commutes with the coefficientwise boundary, and is injective.
Conversely let be locally finite on the compact . Local finiteness provides an open cover of by neighbourhoods each of which meets only finitely many images of simplices with nonzero coefficient; by compactness [F2] finitely many such neighbourhoods cover . If has , then its image is nonempty, so it meets some , and for each only finitely many such meet ; hence only finitely many coefficients are nonzero and lies in the image of the inclusion.
By steps 1.1 and 1.2 the inclusion is a bijection on every chain group, hence an isomorphism of chain complexes; it induces isomorphisms on homology. For a continuous map of compact Hausdorff spaces, for every compact , Hausdorffness makes closed, continuity makes closed in the compact , and this preimage is therefore compact by [F2]. Thus is proper, and the pushforward of [F1] restricts on finite chains to the ordinary singular chain map, so the isomorphisms are natural. No choice principle was used.
Depends on
- Borel-Moore homology by locally finite chains
- Singular simplices and singular chain groups with coefficients
- The singular chain complex and singular homology
- Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right
- Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally
- In a Hausdorff space a point and a disjoint compact set, and two disjoint compact sets, have disjoint open neighbourhoods; hence every compact subset is closed, and in a compact Hausdorff space the compact subsets are exactly the closed ones
- A closed subspace of a compact space is compact, and a finite union of compact subspaces is compact
Used by
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Sources
- Mark Goresky, Lecture Notes on Sheaves and Perverse Sheaves, version of June 26, 2026 (standard reference, not scraped)