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Borel-Moore and ordinary homology agree for compact spaces

Statement

Let X be a compact Hausdorff topological space and let R be a commutative ring. The inclusion of the ordinary singular chain complex into the complex of locally finite chains of Borel-Moore homology by locally finite chains is an isomorphism of chain complexes, and it induces isomorphisms HkBM(X;R)→ ≅ Hksing(X;R) in every degree, natural for continuous maps of compact Hausdorff spaces (The singular chain complex and singular homology). In particular the class map of a proper complex algebraic variety may be computed using ordinary singular homology.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A compact Hausdorff space X, a commutative ring R, and the locally finite chain complex of Borel-Moore homology by locally finite chains.

[F1]

Borel-Moore homology by locally finite chains: CkBM(X;R) consists of formal sums ∑σaσσ over continuous k-simplices such that every point of X has an open neighbourhood meeting only finitely many images of the simplices with nonzero coefficient; the boundary is coefficientwise; ordinary singular chains are the sums with finite support, and a proper continuous map induces a pushforward on locally finite chains.

Proof

1.1F1algebra

Every ordinary singular chain is locally finite: a sum with finite support has only finitely many distinct images, so any neighbourhood of any point meets at most those finitely many images. The inclusion Ck(X;R)↪CkBM(X;R) is therefore defined, commutes with the coefficientwise boundary, and is injective.

1.2F1F2algebra

Conversely let c=∑σaσσ be locally finite on the compact X. Local finiteness provides an open cover of X by neighbourhoods U each of which meets only finitely many images of simplices with nonzero coefficient; by compactness [F2] finitely many such neighbourhoods U1,…,Um cover X. If σ has aσ≠0, then its image is nonempty, so it meets some Uj, and for each j only finitely many such σ meet Uj; hence only finitely many coefficients are nonzero and c lies in the image of the inclusion.

2.1F1F2step 1.1step 1.2algebra∎

By steps 1.1 and 1.2 the inclusion is a bijection on every chain group, hence an isomorphism of chain complexes; it induces isomorphisms on homology. For a continuous map f:X→Y of compact Hausdorff spaces, for every compact K⊆Y, Hausdorffness makes K closed, continuity makes f−1(K) closed in the compact X, and this preimage is therefore compact by [F2]. Thus f is proper, and the pushforward f∗ of [F1] restricts on finite chains to the ordinary singular chain map, so the isomorphisms are natural. No choice principle was used.

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