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The boundary and horn product has a finite horn attachment

Statement

For m≥0, n≥1 and 0≤k≤n, the pushout product (∂Δ[m]→Δ[m]) □ (Λk[n]→Δ[n]) is anodyne by a finite sequence of horn attachments (Simplicial horns and Kan fibrations). Consequently the pushout product of an arbitrary simplicial monomorphism with a horn inclusion is anodyne, and the pushout product of two monomorphisms is a monomorphism. The Axiom of Choice (The Axiom of Choice) is needed only for arbitrary cell and lift choices in the general monomorphism case; the displayed finite combinatorial construction itself needs no AC.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Integers m≥0, n≥1, 0≤k≤n; the simplex categories and their nerves; AC.

[F1]

For a simplicial set X and the standard simplices, Δ[m]×Δ[n] is the nerve of the product ordered set [m]×[n], so its nondegenerate r-simplices are strictly increasing chains of distinct pairs (i0,j0)<⋯<(ir,jr) in the product order; anodyne inclusions are composites of pushouts of coproducts of horn inclusions, and a map with horn lifting lifts against them by successive lifts, with AC for set-indexed choices (Simplicial horns and Kan fibrations).

[F2]

A monomorphism of simplicial sets is a map that is injective in every degree, and monomorphisms are exactly the degreewise injective natural transformations; the boundary of Δ[m] consists of the non-surjective maps, and the horn Λk[n] is the union of the faces of Δ[n] other than the k-th (Simplicial horns and Kan fibrations, Simplicial sets, homotopies and trivial Kan fibrations).

[F3]

A trivial Kan fibration lifts every degreewise injective map, and stability properties used for the comparison of constructions (Trivial simplicial fibrations lift monomorphisms and have contractible products of fibres).

Proof

1.1F1F2givenconstruct

Description of the complement. Put S=(∂Δ[m]×Δ[n])∪(Δ[m]×Λk[n]), so the target of the pushout product is Δ[m]×Δ[n] and S is its subcomplex generated by the boundary in the first factor and the horn in the second. A nondegenerate chain (i0,j0)<⋯<(ir,jr) lies outside S exactly when its first-coordinate image is all of {0,…,m} and its second-coordinate image contains every 0≤j≤n except possibly k; in particular, for k<n it contains a vertex of second coordinate k+1, and for k=n it contains a vertex of second coordinate n−1.

2.1F1step 1.1construct

Pivot matching for k<n. In an outside chain let (a,k+1) be the first vertex above second coordinate k. If the pivot (a,k) is present, remove it; if it is absent, insert it immediately before (a,k+1). The insertion keeps the chain strictly increasing, because every preceding vertex has second coordinate ≤k and first coordinate ≤a, and the following vertex is (a,k+1); it creates no duplicate by the assumption that the pivot is absent. Removal preserves the required projection values, because (a,k+1) still supplies the first coordinate a and k is not a required second-coordinate value. The anchor (a,k+1) and hence a are unchanged. This pairs every outside chain uniquely with a lower chain σ (without the pivot) and an upper chain τ (with the pivot), so the subcomplex generated by S and the τ's is obtained from S by attaching each τ along the horn omitting its pivot-deletion face σ.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1construct

Pivot matching for k=n. Use the last vertex below n, necessarily (a,n−1), and insert or remove the pivot (a,n) immediately after it; the same arguments as step 2.1 give a unique lower/upper pairing.

4.1F1step 2.1step 3.1

Attachment order. Order the pairs: for k<n by increasing dimension of τ and then by decreasing a; for k=n by increasing dimension and then increasing a. Finitely many pairs occur, since [m]×[n] is finite. Attach the simplex τ along the horn omitting its pivot-deletion face σ. Every other codimension-one face of τ is already present: a face losing a required projection value is in S; deleting a vertex other than pivot or anchor retains both and yields the upper simplex of a pair of smaller dimension; deleting the anchor either loses its required second-coordinate value (landing in S) or moves the anchor to a strictly larger first coordinate for k<n, respectively strictly smaller for k=n, and then the face lacks the new pivot and is the lower face of a pair of the same upper dimension but earlier in the chosen order.

5.1F1step 4.1

The omitted face is new. The face σ lies outside S and is a lower, not an upper, simplex. A smaller-dimensional upper simplex cannot contain it; an upper simplex of the same dimension containing it either is τ itself (if the inserted vertex is its own pivot) or has an anchor moved in the direction that makes it later in the order. Higher-dimensional upper simplices occur later by dimension. Therefore each attachment adds exactly σ and τ with all other faces already present, which is precisely a pushout of a horn inclusion Λp[dim⁡τ]⊂Δ[dim⁡τ]; induction over the finitely many pairs attaches all outside chains and proves that the pushout product is anodyne.

6.1F1F2F3step 5.1discharge-construct∎

General monomorphisms and products. A simplicial monomorphism K→L has a skeletal cell decomposition obtained by attaching simplices along their boundaries (the boundary-cell construction), and the simplicial product preserves colimits in each variable; hence (K→L) □ (Λk[n]→Δ[n]) is a composite of pushouts of the cases just proved and is anodyne. The argument is symmetric in the two factors. Finally, the pushout product of two monomorphisms is a monomorphism because in each degree it is the inclusion (K×L′)∪(L×K′)⊆L×L′ of a union inside a product of sets. No Kan-Quillen model axiom or general weak-equivalence theorem is invoked; AC is used only for the arbitrary cell and lift choices in the general monomorphism case.

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