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Every broken trajectory is a limit of ordinary trajectories

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let (f,X) be Morse--Smale on a closed manifold, with X downward gradient-like in the normalized Morse-coordinate sense. Every neighbourhood of every broken trajectory v∈M‾(p,q) contains an ordinary trajectory from p to q. Thus M(p,q) is dense in M‾(p,q).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC, the stated pair and a broken trajectory v.

[A1]

AC is retained as a common hypothesis; the finite-dimensional gluing argument below makes no additional choice (The Axiom of Choice).

[F1]

Broken trajectories are finite strings of nonconstant orbit classes (Broken Morse trajectories).

[F2]

The height topology has neighbourhoods specified by entry and exit transversals at every critical point of the string, including its endpoints (Geometric convergence to a broken trajectory).

[F3]

Near a critical point of index k, f=f(c)−∣u∣2+∣z∣2 and the flow is (u,z)↦(e2tu,e−2tz) (Local stable and unstable manifolds at a Morse critical point).

[F4]

Morse--Smale transversality holds, and the unstable and stable manifolds have dimensions given by their indices (Morse--Smale pairs, Global stable and unstable manifolds are immersed Euclidean spaces).

[F5]

A transverse finite-dimensional equation can be solved in a block with invertible derivative by the implicit-function theorem; for smooth equations the derivative formula bootstraps the solution to smoothness (The Euclidean implicit function theorem with derivative formula, The Euclidean inverse function theorem).

Proof

technique · direct, using the passage map of Audin–Damian Lemma 3.2.12 and Propositions 3.2.10–11, printed pp. 66–69
1.1A1F3F4F5givenconstructalgebra

First let the string be a→c→b, with k=λ(c). On f=f(c)+ε, write the incoming crossing as (0,z+). The slice of Wu(a) is transverse to the stable sphere S+={u=0, ∣z∣2=ε} by [F4]. Its projection to u∈Rk is therefore a submersion at z+. By [F5], fixing its surplus local coordinates gives a k-disk D of the form (u,h(u)), where h(0)=z+ and ∣h(u)∣2=ε+∣u∣2. Put g(u)=h(u)/∣h(u)∣. The crossing map to f=f(c)−ε, obtained by solving the flow in [F3], sends (u,h(u)) to (∣h(u)∣u/∣u∣,∣u∣g(u)) for u≠0. In polar coordinates it extends smoothly to H(ρ,θ)=(ε+ρ2 θ,ρg(ρθ)),ρ≥0,θ∈Sk−1. At ρ=0 its radial derivative has nonzero stable part g(0), independent of the angular derivatives; it is an embedding near each boundary point, with ρ=∣z∣ and θ=u/∣u∣ recovering its parameters. Its boundary is the unstable sphere S−.

2.1F2F4F5step 1.1

At the outgoing crossing (u−,0) of c→b, the slice of Ws(b) has codimension λ(b) in the exit level and is transverse to S− by [F4]. Local defining equations composed with H thus have a surjective derivative in the angular variables at (0,u−/ε). Choose an invertible block of λ(b) angular coordinates and fix the others. By [F5] they can be solved as smooth functions of ρ for all sufficiently small ρ≥0, giving points H(ρ,θ(ρ))∈Ws(b). If λ(b)=0 there are no equations to solve. For ρ>0 these points come from D⊂Wu(a) and hence give ordinary trajectories from a to b. Their entry and exit points tend to (0,z+) and (u−,0); smooth finite-time flow dependence controls all other prescribed transversals. They therefore approach the given once-broken trajectory in [F2]. This proves once-broken gluing existence without asserting invertibility of a sliced Fredholm operator.

3.1F1F2step 2.1∎

Induct on the number r of components. For r=1, v itself is ordinary. For r>1, approximate its first r−1 components by an ordinary trajectory u so closely that u#vr lies in a prescribed open neighbourhood W of v; this is possible by the induction hypothesis and the finite transversal description in [F2]. Since W is open and contains u#vr, step 2.1 gives an ordinary trajectory in W. Hence every neighbourhood of every finite string meets the ordinary stratum, proving density.

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