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Every broken trajectory is a limit of ordinary trajectories
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be Morse--Smale on a closed manifold, with downward gradient-like in the normalized Morse-coordinate sense. Every neighbourhood of every broken trajectory contains an ordinary trajectory from to . Thus is dense in .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC, the stated pair and a broken trajectory .
AC is retained as a common hypothesis; the finite-dimensional gluing argument below makes no additional choice (The Axiom of Choice).
Broken trajectories are finite strings of nonconstant orbit classes (Broken Morse trajectories).
The height topology has neighbourhoods specified by entry and exit transversals at every critical point of the string, including its endpoints (Geometric convergence to a broken trajectory).
Near a critical point of index , and the flow is (Local stable and unstable manifolds at a Morse critical point).
Morse--Smale transversality holds, and the unstable and stable manifolds have dimensions given by their indices (Morse--Smale pairs, Global stable and unstable manifolds are immersed Euclidean spaces).
A transverse finite-dimensional equation can be solved in a block with invertible derivative by the implicit-function theorem; for smooth equations the derivative formula bootstraps the solution to smoothness (The Euclidean implicit function theorem with derivative formula, The Euclidean inverse function theorem).
Proof
First let the string be , with . On , write the incoming crossing as . The slice of is transverse to the stable sphere by [F4]. Its projection to is therefore a submersion at . By [F5], fixing its surplus local coordinates gives a -disk of the form , where and . Put . The crossing map to , obtained by solving the flow in [F3], sends to for . In polar coordinates it extends smoothly to At its radial derivative has nonzero stable part , independent of the angular derivatives; it is an embedding near each boundary point, with and recovering its parameters. Its boundary is the unstable sphere .
At the outgoing crossing of , the slice of has codimension in the exit level and is transverse to by [F4]. Local defining equations composed with thus have a surjective derivative in the angular variables at . Choose an invertible block of angular coordinates and fix the others. By [F5] they can be solved as smooth functions of for all sufficiently small , giving points . If there are no equations to solve. For these points come from and hence give ordinary trajectories from to . Their entry and exit points tend to and ; smooth finite-time flow dependence controls all other prescribed transversals. They therefore approach the given once-broken trajectory in [F2]. This proves once-broken gluing existence without asserting invertibility of a sliced Fredholm operator.
Induct on the number of components. For , itself is ordinary. For , approximate its first components by an ordinary trajectory so closely that lies in a prescribed open neighbourhood of ; this is possible by the induction hypothesis and the finite transversal description in [F2]. Since is open and contains , step 2.1 gives an ordinary trajectory in . Hence every neighbourhood of every finite string meets the ordinary stratum, proving density.
Depends on
- The Axiom of Choice
- Broken Morse trajectories
- Geometric convergence to a broken trajectory
- Local stable and unstable manifolds at a Morse critical point
- Morse--Smale pairs
- Global stable and unstable manifolds are immersed Euclidean spaces
- The Euclidean implicit function theorem with derivative formula
- The Euclidean inverse function theorem
- The fundamental theorem on flows
Used by
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Sources
- Michele Audin and Mihai Damian, Morse Theory and Floer Homology, Part I Ch. 3, complete author PDF (standard reference, not scraped)
- Udhav Fowdar, A Functional Analytic Approach to Morse Homology (UCL 4th-year project, 2016, supervised by C. Wendl), complete PDF (standard reference, not scraped)
- Alexander F. Ritter, Part III Morse Homology (Cambridge lecture notes), Lectures 17-19, complete combined PDF (standard reference, not scraped)