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Brouwer fixed points exist on every nonempty closed box

Statement

Let d≥0 and let X=∏j=1d[aj,bj]⊂Rd be a nonempty closed box, allowing aj=bj. Every continuous map f:X→X has a fixed point.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: d, a nonempty closed box X as stated, and a continuous f:X→X.

[F1]

Every continuous self-map of the closed Euclidean unit ball Dm has a fixed point for every m≥0 (Brouwer fixed point theorem).

Proof

1.1givenchooseconstruct

Let J={j:aj<bj} and m=∣J∣. If m=0, X is a singleton and its sole point is fixed. If m>0, deleting the fixed coordinates identifies X with a box XJ whose side lengths are all positive. The coordinatewise affine map T:[−1,1]m→XJ is a homeomorphism.

2.1step 1.1algebra

For u∈Dm∖{0} define h(u)=(∥u∥2/∥u∥∞)u and set h(0)=0. Then ∥h(u)∥∞=∥u∥2≤1, so h(Dm)⊆[−1,1]m. For y≠0 in the cube define h−1(y)=(∥y∥∞/∥y∥2)y and set h−1(0)=0; its Euclidean norm is ∥y∥∞≤1, and direct substitution shows the formulas are inverse. Both maps are continuous away from zero. At zero, ∥h(u)∥2≤m∥u∥2 and ∥h−1(y)∥2=∥y∥∞≤∥y∥2, so both are continuous there. Thus h is a homeomorphism between the ball and cube.

3.1F1step 1.1step 2.1construct∎

The map g=(T∘h)−1∘fJ∘(T∘h):Dm→Dm is continuous, where fJ is the restriction of f to the non-fixed coordinates after identifying the fixed coordinates. By [F1], g has a fixed point u; then (T∘h)(u) is fixed by fJ, and restoring the fixed coordinates gives a fixed point of f in X.

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