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Stokes for complex forms on a bounded C1 Euclidean domain

Statement

Assume AC. Let m≥2, let D⊂Rm be a bounded C1 domain, and let α be a complex-valued C1 (m−1)-form up to D‾. With the boundary orientation defined by outward-normal-first and the C1 surface trace,

∫∂Dα=∫Ddα.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Assume AC; D is a bounded C1 domain in real dimension m≥2; and α is a complex-valued C1 (m−1)-form up to its closure.

[F1]

AC says every family of nonempty sets has a choice function (The Axiom of Choice).

[F2]

The published divergence theorem assumes ACω, m≥2, a bounded C1 domain, and a real C1 vector field up to the closure (Divergence on a bounded C1 Euclidean domain).

[F3]

Under those hypotheses the divergence integral equals the outward flux integral, and both are finite (Divergence on a bounded C1 Euclidean domain).

[F4]

Surface integration on compact embedded C1 hypersurfaces uses the ACω convention (Surface integration on compact C1 hypersurfaces).

[F5]

For absolutely integrable signed surface data, the surface integral is the difference of its positive and negative integrals (Surface integration on compact C1 hypersurfaces).

[F6]

In coordinates, d(∑IaIdxI)=∑IdaI∧dxI for smooth forms (The local coordinate formula for the exterior derivative).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F6givenalgebra

In standard oriented coordinates set dV=dx1∧⋯∧dxm. Every complex (m−1)-form has a unique expression α=∑j=1m(−1)j−1Aj dx1∧⋯∧dxj^∧⋯∧dxm with C1 complex coefficients Aj up to the boundary. Directly differentiating these coefficients (the same coordinate formula as [F6], valid here because they are C1) gives dα=(∑j∂jAj)dV=(div⁡A)dV. All terms with a repeated dxi vanish, and the sign (−1)j−1 is canceled by moving dxj into its ordered volume position.

1.2F4givenalgebra

At a boundary point choose a positively oriented orthonormal tangent frame t1,…,tm−1 so that (ν,t1,…,tm−1) is positive, where ν is the outward unit normal. The displayed form is ιAdV. Its boundary trace evaluated on that frame is dV(A,t1,…,tm−1)=(A⋅ν)dS(t1,…,tm−1), because the tangential component of A repeats a tangent direction in the top-degree volume form. Thus the outward-normal-first boundary trace is exactly (A⋅ν)dS; this identity is complex-linear in A.

2.1F1F2F3F5step 1.1step 1.2∎

By [F1], full AC supplies the weaker ACω hypotheses in [F2] and the surface convention in [F4]. Apply [F3] separately to the real and imaginary vector fields Re⁡A and Im⁡A. Adding the two equalities and using steps 1.1 and 1.2 gives ∫Ddα=∫∂Dα. This is the only use of AC.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources