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Omega-positive words are commutation-equivalent to sortable sorting words; sortable equals aligned; parabolic restriction

Statement

Let (W,S) be a Coxeter system of finite type, c a Coxeter element, and w∈W with reduced word a1⋯ak and reflection sequence t1,…,tk, ti=a1⋯ai−1aiai−1⋯a1, with positive roots βi (The inversion formula ∣N(w)∣=ℓ(w), the root-reflection dictionary and strong exchange (2)). Let ωc and c-alignment be as in The greedy scan computes the c-sorting word; commutation, conjugation and rank-two alignment and c-sortability as in c-sortable elements, forced and unforced skips, skip roots, and the chamber cone.

(1) Characterization. The following are equivalent:

(i) ωc(βi,βj)≥0 for all i≤j, with strict inequality unless ti and tj commute;

(ii) w is c-sortable and a1⋯ak can be converted into a c-sorting word for w by a sequence of transpositions of adjacent commuting letters.

(2) Sortable equals aligned. w is c-sortable if and only if w is c-aligned; and if w is c-sortable then w is c-aligned with respect to every generalized noncommutative rank-two parabolic subgroup of W.

(3) Parabolic restriction. If v is c-sortable, J⊆S and vJ is the WJ-prefix of v (The weak parabolic projection, its adjoints, and the cover-join lemmas (1)), then vJ is c′-sortable, where c′ is the restriction of c to WJ. Conversely, if u∈WJ is c′-sortable then u is c-sortable as an element of W. No Axiom of Choice is used.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: a finite-type Coxeter system (W,S), a Coxeter element c with chosen reduced Coxeter word c=s1⋯sn, the periodic word c∞, the forms K=2B, Ec,ωc, an element w with reduced word a1⋯ak, its reflection sequence ti and prefix roots βi=ρ(a1⋯ai−1)eai, and an initial letter s of c when the statement mentions one.

[F1]

Coxeter elements, the oriented Euler form, the skew form, and the periodic word (1),(2),(3): Coxeter words use each element of S once; K=2B, Ec(esi,esj)=K(esi,esj) for i>j, 1 for i=j, 0 for i<j; ωc=Ec−EcT; c∞ is the periodic word with dividers after each block of n letters, with position sets, admissible sets, sorting word and block sequence.

[F2]

The greedy scan computes the c-sorting word; commutation, conjugation and rank-two alignment (1): the greedy scan selects a position with letter u exactly when u∈DL(remainder), ends at remainder 1 after ℓ(w) selections, and yields the unique c∞-sorting word of w.

[F3]

The greedy scan computes the c-sorting word; commutation, conjugation and rank-two alignment (2),(3): the block sequence is independent of the reduced Coxeter word chosen for c; for s initial in c, Escs(ρ(s)β,ρ(s)β′)=Ec(β,β′) and ωscs(ρ(s)β,ρ(s)β′)=ωc(β,β′); for J⊆S and c′ the restriction, Ec′=Ec and ωc′=ωc on VJ.

[F4]

The greedy scan computes the c-sorting word; commutation, conjugation and rank-two alignment (4): a generalized rank-two parabolic with canonical generators ordered so that ωc(βr1,βr2)≥0 has reflections u1=r1,…,um=r2 in angular order; if the endpoint value is 0 the restriction of ωc to the subsystem is zero, and if it is positive then ωc(βui,βuj)>0 for all i<j; and w is c-aligned with respect to it when either the restriction is zero and N(w−1)∩(Φ∩P) is empty or a singleton, or the endpoint value is positive and that intersection is empty, the singleton {βum}, or an initial segment {βu1,…,βuk}.

[F5]

A transported simple root lies in the positive span of the simple root and the inversion roots (1),(2): for u∈W with s∉S(u) and a reduced expression u=r1⋯rk, one has ρ(u)es=es+∑l=1kclβtl with cl≥0, the coefficient of es is 1, and ρ(u)es∈Φ+.

[F6]

Finite inversion sets are recognized by their rank-two initial or final segments (2): a sequence of distinct reflections is the reflection sequence of a reduced word if and only if for every generalized rank-two parabolic its subsequence is an initial or final subsequence of the angular reflection list, read inward from the chosen endpoint: u1,u2,… or um,um−1,….

[F7]

The weak parabolic projection, its adjoints, and the cover-join lemmas (1): for the WJ-prefix wJ of w one has N(wJ−1)=N(w−1)∩ΦJ,+, and v≤Rw for v∈WJ if and only if v≤RwJ.

[F8]

The inversion formula ∣N(w)∣=ℓ(w), the root-reflection dictionary and strong exchange (1),(2): the root-reflection dictionary α↦tα is a bijection Φ+→T with tρ(w)α=wtαw−1; for a reduced expression u=r1⋯rm, N(u−1) is the set of distinct prefix roots ρ(r1⋯ri−1)eri, so βi∈N(w−1) for every prefix reflection ti of a reduced word for w.

[F9]

The root-length criterion and faithfulness of the canonical reflection representation (1): for all u∈W, t∈S, ℓ(ut)>ℓ(u)  ⟺  ρ(u)et∈Φ+ and ℓ(ut)<ℓ(u)  ⟺  ρ(u)et∈Φ−.

[F10]

Root sign coherence and the action of simple reflections on positive roots (2),(3): Φ+=Φ∩V+ with V+ the cone of nonnegative simple coordinates and Φ=Φ+⊔Φ−, rs permutes Φ+∖{es} while rses=−es.

[F11]

The geometric inversion set N(w) of an element of a Coxeter group (1): N(w)={α∈Φ+:ρ(w)α∈Φ−}.

[F12]

The right and left weak orders, intervals, covers, and meets and joins of subsets (1),(2): u≤Rv  ⟺  v=ux with ℓ(v)=ℓ(u)+ℓ(x), and DL(w)={s:ℓ(sw)<ℓ(w)}.

[F13]

Weak order is a partial order with finite graded intervals; covers and the inversion-set criterion (2),(4),(5): covers have the form v=us with ℓ(v)=ℓ(u)+1; u≤Rv  ⟺  N(u−1)⊆N(v−1); and s∈DL(w)  ⟺  es∈N(w−1)  ⟺  ρ(w−1)es∈Φ−.

[F14]

Support, intrinsic parabolic presentations, minimal coset representatives and length additivity, with the type-A identification (1),(2),(3): WJ={w:S(w)⊆J} and WJ∩S=J; (WJ,J) is a Coxeter system with intrinsic length ℓ∣WJ; every w has a unique factorization w=ud with u∈WJ and d minimal in WJw, characterized by ℓ(sd)>ℓ(d) for all s∈J, and ℓ(w)=ℓ(u)+ℓ(d).

[F15]

Length parity, exchange, two-letter deletion, and faithfulness of the signed reflection action (1),(2): ℓ(sw),ℓ(ws)∈{ℓ(w)−1,ℓ(w)+1}; and if ℓ(sw)=ℓ(w)−1 then left multiplication by s deletes one letter from any reduced expression for w.

[F16]

c-sortable elements, forced and unforced skips, skip roots, and the chamber cone (1): v is c-sortable when the block sequence of its c∞-sorting word is weakly decreasing.

[F17]

Plane subsystems, their canonical generators, and the angular order of their roots (1),(2),(3),(4): for a generalized rank-two parabolic W′ with root-spanned plane P one has tα∈W′ if and only if α∈P; the positive system ΦP+:=Φ∩P∩V+ has exactly two extreme rays, on roots r1,r2, every element of ΦP+ is a nonnegative combination of r1 and r2, and with canonical generators a=tr1,b=tr2 and q=ab the reflections are the alternating list u1=a,…,um=b with u2=aba and um−1=bab, the positive roots are βu1,…,βum in angular order, and reversing the extreme rays reverses the index order.

[F18]

Disconnected diagrams, direct products, and comparison of invariant forms (4): if W is finite then B is positive definite.

[F19]

Intersections of standard parabolics, the parabolic root subsystem, and global minimality of coset representatives (2): ΦJ=Φ∩VJ, ρ(WJ)VJ=VJ, and a positive root belongs to ΦJ exactly when its reflection belongs to WJ. Every root has norm 1, and the action preserves B (Descent of the reflection representation, unit root norms, and conjugation of reflections (2),(3)).

Proof

1.1F9F11F13F14algebra

Equivalent forms of the left-descent conditions: for s∈S and u∈W, lengths are inversion-invariant, so ℓ(su)=ℓ(u−1s) [F14]; applying the root-length criterion [F9] to u−1 and translating with the descent/inversion criterion [F13] gives ℓ(su)<ℓ(u)  ⟺  ρ(u−1)es∈Φ−  ⟺  es∈N(u−1), and ℓ(su)>ℓ(u)  ⟺  ρ(u−1)es∈Φ+. Moreover s∉S(u) if and only if u∈WS∖{s} [F14].

1.2F2F14F16algebra

Restriction recursion: let s be initial in c and u∈W with s∉S(u). The letters s are exactly the first letters of the successive c-blocks, and deleting them from c∞ leaves the periodic word (sc)∞; the remainder of the c∞-scan is always in WS∖{s}: it starts at u, and if ρ∈WS∖{s} then aρ∈WS∖{s} for every selected a∈S∖{s}, while s∉DL(ρ): in the factorization ρ=ud of [F14] with J={s} one must have d=ρ, since otherwise ρ=s d would give s∈S(ρ)={s}∪S(d) [F14], contradicting S(ρ)⊆S∖{s}; hence ℓ(sρ)=ℓ(ρ)+1 and s is not a left descent. Therefore no s-letter is ever selected [F2], and the scan of the remaining letters coincides position-by-position with the (sc)∞-scan of u, with the same remainders; by the uniqueness in [F2] the two sorting words coincide and, since the non-s letters of the j-th c-block are exactly the j-th sc-block, Tj(c)(u)=Tj(sc)(u) for every j. Consequently u is c-sortable if and only if it is sc-sortable, and the sc-sorting word for u is a c-sorting word for u.

1.3F1F2F16algebra

Descent recursion: let s be initial in c with c=sβ and scs=βs, and let ℓ(su)<ℓ(u). As letter sequences c∞=s⋅(scs)∞; the first symbol s is a left descent of u, so it is selected by the greedy scan [F2], the remainder becomes su, and the rest of the scan is exactly the (scs)∞-scan of su. Hence the c-sorting word of u is s followed by the (scs)-sorting word of su, and the selection sets satisfy P={1}∪(Q+1) with Q the (scs)-selection set. Since every block of either periodic word contains each letter exactly once, a block sequence is weakly decreasing if and only if for every r the selected occurrences of r form an initial segment of the list of all its occurrences [F1]; the c-occurrences of r are the positions congruent to its index modulo n, and the (scs)-occurrences correspond under the shift m↦m+1 to the same set of positions with position 1 excluded when r=s and included otherwise. Therefore for r≠s the two per-letter conditions coincide term-by-term through the bijection P∩Or=(Q+1)∩Or, while for r=s the position 1 is the first c-occurrence, so the condition on Os is equivalent to the condition on Os∖{1}. Hence u is c-sortable if and only if su is scs-sortable.

1.4F1F2F12F14F16algebra

Negative case: let s be initial in c and let ℓ(su)>ℓ(u) with s∈S(u), so u∉WS∖{s} [F14]. The c-sorting word of u is a reduced word for u, so it contains s [F12]; position 1 of c∞, whose letter is s, is not selected because s∉DL(u) [F2]; the only positions carrying s are 1,n+1,2n+1,…, so the selected occurrence of s lies in block j≥2. Hence s∉T1 but s∈Tj for some j≥2, so the block sequence is not weakly decreasing and u is not c-sortable [F16].

1.5F1F10F14F18F19algebra

Initial-root inequality: let s be initial in c and let t∈T be a reflection with positive root βt=∑r∈Sarer, ar≥0 [F10]. With s first in the word, Ec(es,es)=1, Ec(es,er)=0 for r≠s and Ec(er,es)=K(er,es) for r≠s [F1], so Ec(es,βt)=as and Ec(βt,es)=as+∑r≠sarK(er,es); hence ωc(es,βt)=−∑r≠sarK(er,es)≥0, because K(er,es) is negative when m(s,r)≥3 and zero when m(s,r)=2 [F1, F18]. Equality holds exactly when ar=0 for every r with m(s,r)≥3, that is, when βt∈VJ for J={r∈S:rs=sr}, equivalently t∈WJ by [F19]; in particular equality forces s and t to commute, so ωc(es,βt)>0 whenever they do not.

1.6F1F10F14F19algebra

Final-root inequality: let s be final in c. The same computation with s last in the word gives Ec(er,es)=0 for r≠s, Ec(es,er)=K(es,er) for r≠s, and Ec(βt,es)=as, so for every reflection t with βt=∑arer≥0 one has ωc(es,βt)=∑r≠sarK(es,er)≤0, with equality exactly when βt∈VJ, equivalently t∈WJ by [F19], for J={r∈S:rs=sr}; in particular equality forces s and t to commute.

1.7F8algebra

A commuting swap with zero skew value preserves condition (i). For adjacent commuting letters t,u after a prefix x, the two prefix roots are ρ(x)et,ρ(x)eu; swapping the letters exchanges these roots and leaves every other prefix root unchanged. The only skew value whose sign reverses is the value between this pair. Thus if that value is zero, all inequalities and strictness conditions are preserved. Condition (ii) is invariant under every commuting swap by its definition. We use only zero-value swaps in the forward proof below, and justify separately the swaps needed in the reverse proof.

1.8F4F16base

Induction claim and base cases: we prove the equivalences of clauses (1) and (2) by simultaneous induction on the pair (rank n=∣S∣, length k): for every finite-type Coxeter system of rank n, every Coxeter element c and every element w with reduced word of length k, conditions (1)(i) and (1)(ii) are equivalent, and w is c-sortable if and only if it is c-aligned. Every appeal to induction below is at a pair strictly smaller in the lexicographic order: the rank drops when the system WS∖{s} is used, and the length drops when the element sw is used. The cases k=0 and S=∅ are immediate: the empty sequence satisfies (i) vacuously and the empty conversion furnishes (ii) for w=1; the block sequence of 1 is empty, hence weakly decreasing, so 1 is c-sortable [F16]; and 1 is c-aligned because N(1−1)=∅ is allowed in either case of the alignment condition of [F4].

1.9F12F14algebra

Prefix construction for the non-descent alignment case. Suppose w̸≥Rs and w∉WS∖{s}, and set v=wS∖{s}, w=vd. Minimality of d implies that every left descent of d is s; since d≠1, its reduced words begin with s. Fix a reduced word a1⋯aj for v and continue it by such a reduced word for d, so aj+1=s. Put ri=a1⋯aisai⋯a1 for 0≤i≤j. Then rj=tj+1. When v is sortable we take its sorting word for the prefix.

2.1step 1.2step 1.3step 1.4algebra

Full recursion: for s initial in c and u∈W, u is c-sortable if and only if (ℓ(su)<ℓ(u) and su is scs-sortable) or (s∉S(u) and u is sc-sortable). Indeed, if u is c-sortable then either ℓ(su)<ℓ(u), and step 1.3 gives that su is scs-sortable, or ℓ(su)>ℓ(u), and step 1.4 gives s∉S(u), so step 1.2 applies and u is sc-sortable; conversely the two alternatives give c-sortability by steps 1.2 and 1.3.

2.2step 1.1step 1.2step 1.8F3ihalgebra

Step (i)⇒(ii), case s∉S(w): let s be initial in c with c=sβ. By step 1.1, w∈WS∖{s}, so all βi lie in VS∖{s} and the restriction identity [F3] gives ωsc(βi,βj)=ωc(βi,βj) for all i,j, so (i) holds for ωsc in the smaller-rank system WS∖{s}. By induction on rank, w is sc-sortable and a1⋯ak converts into an sc-sorting word for w by adjacent commuting transpositions inside S∖{s}. By step 1.2 that word is a c-sorting word, so w is c-sortable and the conversion exhibits (ii).

2.3step 1.7F5F14algebra

Step (i)⇒(ii), case s∈S(w): start with the given word satisfying (i), and let j be its first occurrence of s. If j>1, the prefix u=a1⋯aj−1 avoids s, and [F5] gives βtj=ρ(u)es=es+∑l<jclβtl with cl≥0. This expansion will supply a zero-value commuting swap moving the first s earlier; finite iteration then puts s first.

2.4step 1.3step 1.6step 1.8F3F4F6F10F17F19ihalgebra

Aligned implies sortable in the descent case. Suppose w is c-aligned and s≤Rw. For a noncommutative rank-two parabolic not containing s, conjugation by s preserves positivity of all its roots, so it takes the extreme rays and angular list to those of the conjugate subsystem. The inversion recursion gives N((sw)−1)=ρ(s)(N(w−1)∖{es}), and [F3] transfers the forms; alignment therefore transfers to the conjugate subsystem. In a rank-two parabolic containing s, es is an extreme ray: expressing it as a nonnegative combination of the two extreme positive roots forces one of those roots to be supported only on s, by comparing the other simple coordinates, hence that root is es by unit normalization [F19]. The restriction of N((sw)−1) omits es, so rank-two recognition makes it an initial segment from the other endpoint (or empty). Since s is final in scs, step 1.6 orders that other endpoint first with strictly positive skew value. Thus sw is scs-aligned in every subsystem. Length induction gives scs-sortability of sw, and step 1.3 gives c-sortability of w.

2.5step 1.2step 1.8F3F7F14ihalgebra

Clause (2), reverse direction, case w̸≥Rs: assume w is c-aligned with ℓ(sw)>ℓ(w). We show first that w∈WS∖{s}. Suppose not and put v:=w⟨s⟩, the WS∖{s}-prefix of w; then w=vd is the length-additive factorization of [F14] with d∉WS∖{s}, and v<w. For every noncommutative generalized rank-two parabolic W′′ contained in WS∖{s}, the prefix inversion formula [F7] gives N(v−1)∩ΦW′′+=N(w−1)∩ΦW′′+, and the forms agree by the restriction identity [F3]; hence v is aligned with respect to W′′. By the induction claim of step 1.8, applied inside the smaller-rank system WS∖{s}, v is sc-sortable, hence c-sortable by step 1.2.

2.6step 1.9F8F14F15F17F19baseih

Claim: βri∈N(w−1) for every 0≤i≤j. We prove this by descending induction on j−i. The base i=j holds because rj=tj+1 is the reflection at position j+1 of the reduced word a1⋯ak for w, hence lies in N(w−1) [F8]. For the step fix i<j, assume βri+1∈N(w−1), and note that also βti+1∈N(w−1) [F8]. Put A=a1⋯ai, J={ai+1,s} and W′:=AWJA−1; its generators are the reflections ti+1=Aai+1A−1 and ri=AsA−1, and Φ∩P=ρ(A)ΦJ for the root-spanned plane P=ρ(A)VJ; since Aai+1 is a prefix of the reduced word a1⋯ak one has ℓ(Aai+1)=ℓ(A)+1, and ℓ(As)>ℓ(A) because otherwise ℓ(sA−1)<ℓ(A−1) and the simple length jump would make (As)s a reduced spelling of A containing s, contrary to support invariance [F14],[F15], contrary to s∉S(A); so A is the minimal representative of the left coset AWJ [F14], both ρ(A)eai+1 and ρ(A)es are positive. Every positive root of ΦJ is a nonnegative combination of these two simple roots, so its image under ρ(A) is positive, and every negative subsystem root has negative image. Since Φ∩P=ρ(A)ΦJ by [F19], the positive roots of this plane are exactly ρ(A)ΦJ,+. Their extreme rays are therefore ρ(A)eai+1 and ρ(A)es; the extreme-ray characterization in [F17] proves that ti+1,ri are the canonical generators, with no external theorem, and the reflection list is as in [F17]. If ti+1 and ri commute, then ri+1=ti+1riti+1=ri, so βri∈N(w−1) by the induction hypothesis.

2.7step 1.2F2F14F16algebra

Clause (3), converse direction: let J⊆S, c′ the restriction of c, and u∈WJ c′-sortable with c′-sorting word a1⋯ak. Every letter of this word lies in J; the argument of step 1.2 with J in place of S∖{s} shows that the c∞-scan of u never selects a letter outside J (the remainder stays in WJ by [F14], and for ρ∈WJ and a∉J the factorization ρ=ud with d=ρ gives ℓ(aρ)=ℓ(ρ)+1), and the selected letters inside the successive c-blocks are exactly those of the c′-sorting word, whose j-th block coincides with the j-th c-block's J-letters. Hence the c-sorting word of u is a1⋯ak, Tj(c)(u)=Tj(c′)(u) for every j, and u is c-sortable.

3.1step 2.3step 1.5step 1.7algebra

Under step 2.3, bilinearity gives ωc(βtj−1,βtj)=ωc(βtj−1,es)+∑l<j−1clωc(βtj−1,βtl). Each term is nonpositive by step 1.5 and (i); the left side is nonnegative by (i), so it is zero. Strictness in (i) forces tj−1,tj to commute. Writing A=a1⋯aj−2, these are Aaj−1A−1 and Aaj−1saj−1A−1, so their commutation is equivalent to aj−1s=saj−1. This is exactly the zero-value swap required in step 2.3. Its finite iteration yields a1=s.

3.2step 1.2step 1.3step 1.5step 1.7step 1.8step 2.1F3F14ihalgebradischarge-induction

Step (ii)⇒(i): let the given word be commutation-equivalent to a sorting word of sortable w. If s is absent, every word in the class lies in WS∖{s} and the rank induction and restriction identity prove (i). Otherwise the sorting word begins with s by step 2.1. In any commutation-equivalent word every letter preceding the first s commutes with s: a noncommuting letter cannot cross that occurrence under commuting swaps. Move this s to the front. At each such swap the preceding prefix uses letters commuting with s, hence fixes es; its adjacent other root is supported on those letters, and the formula in step 1.5 gives skew value zero with es. Step 1.7 therefore preserves (i) in both directions for these swaps. Deleting the first s from the commutation class gives a word commutation-equivalent to the scs-sorting word of sw (each original swap either survives deletion or exchanges that s with a commuting letter and becomes an identity). The length induction proves (i) on this tail, and [F3] transports its roots to the tail roots of w. Pairs involving the first root es satisfy (i) by step 1.5. Reversing the zero-value swaps proves (i) for the original word.

3.3step 2.5step 2.6step 1.5F4F5F8ihalgebra

Assume now that ti+1,ri do not commute; then ri+1≠ti+1,ri. Since a1⋯ai+1 is a reduced word for an element of WS∖{s}, the positive-span expansion [F5] gives βri+1=ρ(a1⋯ai+1)es=es+∑l≤i+1clβtl with cl≥0. Then ωc(βti+1,βri+1)=ωc(βti+1,es)+∑l≤iclωc(βti+1,βtl) (the term l=i+1 of the expansion of [F5] drops because ωc is alternating), where the first term is ≤0 by step 1.5 and each other term is ≤0 by the induction hypothesis for clause (1)(i) at the strictly shorter sortable element v of step 2.5. If the sum were 0, then, because βri+1=ρ(ti+1)βri and ρ(ti+1) is the reflection with normal βti+1 [F8], the identity ωc(βti+1,βri+1)=ωc(βti+1,βri) would hold (the normal component contributes 0 to both values); since ti+1 and ri are the canonical generators of W′ [step 2.6], the endpoint value of ωc on W′ would vanish, so the restriction of ωc to W′ would be zero [F4], and the c-alignment of w with respect to W′ would force N(w−1)∩ΦP+ to be empty or a singleton [F4]; but it contains the two distinct roots βti+1 [F8] and βri+1 (induction hypothesis). Therefore ωc(βti+1,βri+1)<0.

4.1step 1.3step 1.8step 2.3step 3.1F3F15ihalgebradischarge-induction

Step (i)⇒(ii), conclusion in case s∈S(w): by step 3.1 the word is s a2⋯ak with a2⋯ak a reduced word for sw [F15], and the conjugation identity [F3] transfers (i) to ωscs for the tail. By induction on length, sw is scs-sortable and a2⋯ak converts into an scs-sorting word σ for sw by adjacent commuting transpositions. By step 1.3 the c-sorting word of w is sσ, so w is c-sortable, and s(a2⋯ak)→sσ is the required conversion.

4.2step 2.6step 3.3F4F8F17ihalgebra

Alignment inference: retain the notation of step 3.3 with ti+1,ri noncommuting, and let u1,…,um be the angular list of W′ ordered so that ωc(βu1,βum)≥0 [F4]; since ωc(βti+1,βri+1)<0, the restriction of ωc to W′ is nonzero and the endpoint value is positive [F4]. The relation ri+1=ti+1riti+1 and the alternating-list identities [F17] leave two possibilities: if ti+1=u1 and ri=um, then ri+1=u1umu1=u2 and [F4] gives ωc(βu1,βu2)>0, contradicting the strict negativity of step 3.3; hence ti+1=um, ri=u1 and ri+1=umu1um=um−1. Since w is c-aligned with respect to W′, the set N(w−1)∩ΦP+ is empty, the singleton {βum}, or an initial segment [F4]; it contains βti+1=βum [F8] and βri+1=βum−1 (induction hypothesis), so it is not empty, and the singleton case is excluded because um−1≠um for m≥3 [F17]; therefore it is an initial segment containing um−1, hence also u1, and βri∈N(w−1). This closes the induction of step 2.6.

5.1step 1.8step 2.2step 2.3step 3.1step 4.1step 3.2discharge-induction

Clause (1) is proved by steps 1.8, 2.1-2.3, 3.1-3.2 and 4.1.

6.1step 5.1F4F6F8F17algebra

Clause (2), forward direction: let w be c-sortable with c-sorting word and reflection sequence t1,…,tk, prefix roots β1,…,βk. By clause (1), applied to the sorting word in the direction (ii)⇒(i), ωc(βi,βj)≥0 for i≤j, strictly unless ti,tj commute. Let WP be a noncommutative generalized rank-two parabolic with angular reflection list u1,…,um, m≥3; by the recognition lemma [F6] the subsequence of t1,…,tk lying in WP is an initial or final subsequence of that list, so N(w−1)∩ΦP+ is an initial or final segment of {βu1,…,βum} [F8]. In the canonical order with ωc(βu1,βum)≥0 [F4]: if the endpoint value is 0 then any two-element segment contains two consecutive reflections ui,ui+1 with ωc(βui,βui+1)=0, contradicting the strictness of (i) since ui,ui+1 do not commute [F17], so the segment is empty or a singleton; if the endpoint value is positive then a final segment of size at least two presents the pair (um,um−1) in that order in the reflection sequence, so strictness would force ωc(βum,βum−1)>0, while the orientation [F4] gives ωc(βum,βum−1)<0, a contradiction; hence the segment is empty, the singleton {βum}, or an initial segment. This is exactly c-alignment with respect to WP [F4], and WP was arbitrary.

7.1step 1.2step 1.8step 6.1step 2.4step 2.6F3F13ihalgebra

Consequence: by step 2.6 with i=0, βr0=es∈N(w−1), so s≤Rw by [F13], contradicting ℓ(sw)>ℓ(w). Hence a c-aligned w with w̸≥Rs lies in WS∖{s}. It is then sc-aligned as an element of that parabolic: every noncommutative generalized rank-two parabolic of WS∖{s} is one of W, the inversion set satisfies N(w−1)∩ΦS∖{s},+=N(w−1), and the restriction identity [F3] preserves the alignment condition. By the induction claim of step 1.8 applied inside the smaller-rank system WS∖{s}, w is sc-sortable, and by step 1.2 it is c-sortable. Together with steps 6.1 and 2.4 this proves both directions of clause (2).

7.2step 5.1step 6.1F3F6F7F8F13F14F19algebra

Clause (3), forward direction. Let v be c-sortable and restrict its sorting reflection sequence to the reflections s1,…,sm in WJ. Apply [F6] inside the intrinsic Coxeter system (WJ,J) of [F14]. Each root-spanned plane P⊆VJ has intrinsic roots ΦJ∩P=Φ∩P by [F19]; its angular list and canonical reflections are therefore the ambient ones, all contained in WJ. The restricted sequence has exactly the original sequence's endpoint-inward subsequence in this plane, so satisfies [F6]. Hence it is the reflection sequence of an intrinsically reduced word for some u∈WJ, also reduced in W by [F14]. Its positive prefix roots are N(v−1)∩ΦJ,+=N(vJ−1) by [F7],[F8],[F19], so [F13] gives u=vJ. This restriction argument applies to every reduced-word reflection sequence, without a sortability assumption. For the present sortable v, each ordered pair of restricted roots inherits the nonnegative omega value and strictness for noncommuting reflections from clause (1). Form restriction [F3] gives the same inequalities for ωc′; clause (1) inside WJ now gives c′-sortability of vJ.

8.1step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3step 1.4step 2.1step 1.5step 1.6step 1.7step 1.8step 2.2step 2.3step 3.1step 4.1step 3.2step 5.1step 6.1step 2.4step 2.5step 1.9step 2.6step 3.3step 4.2step 7.1step 2.7step 7.2discharge-induction∎

Conclusion: steps 1.1-1.4 supply the descent-condition translation, the two recursions and the negative case; steps 1.5-1.6 the two endpoint inequalities; step 1.7 the invariance under commuting transpositions; steps 1.8-1.9 set up the induction and the prefix construction; steps 2.1-2.3, 3.1-3.2 and 4.1 prove clause (1); steps 2.4-2.6, 3.3, 4.2, 6.1 and 7.1 prove clause (2); steps 2.7 and 7.2 prove clause (3). All inductions are on the well-founded lexicographic pair (rank, length), and every witness selected is a single existential instantiation from an explicitly given finite or fixed set (a reduced word of a fixed element, an initial or final letter, a canonical generator pair); no Axiom of Choice is used.

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