How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Pattern closure yields an end-homogeneous sequence
Statement
Work in ZFC. Let be infinite, a cardinal, finite, and . For every there are distinct for and outside their range such that
The sequence need not be increasing in the ambient ordinal .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: as above; assume AC.
Cardinal exponentiation is monotone and satisfies , with the usual unit laws. Commutativity, associativity, distributivity and monotonicity of and , the unit laws, the two exponent laws, and if and only if injects into
For an infinite cardinal , , and adding or multiplying a smaller nonzero cardinal does not increase it. Absorption: for cardinals with infinite and , , and when
Transfinite recursion realizes a prescribed rule. Transfinite recursion
Cantor's theorem gives , hence . Cantor's theorem:
denotes the set of -element subsets. Partition arrows and homogeneous sets
Assume AC, used for cardinal counting and simultaneous injections in union bounds. The Axiom of Choice
Proof
If has size , then it has at most subsets of size at most . Indeed every nonempty such subset is the range of a function : enumerate it by its cardinality, which is at most , and fill remaining arguments with its first element. The range map is a surjection from a subcollection of onto these subsets; AC selects representatives to turn this into the cardinal bound. By F1 and F2, . Adding the empty subset changes no infinite bound by F2.
For such a of size at most , increasing enumeration of finite subsets of the ordinal injects into . Inductively F2 gives for positive finite , so . The number of functions is at most by F1 and step 1.1. For or , the domain is empty and there is exactly one pattern; this also respects the bound, including . For define its realized pattern . Its argument has size by .
Define an increasing sequence by F5, starting with . At a successor add to , for every of size at most and every realized pattern with , the least ordinal realizing that pattern. This least ordinal exists by realization. At limits take unions. Steps 1.1 and 2.1 bound the number of requests by , so each successor has size . At any limit there are at most preceding sets of size by F6; AC supplies injections for the union estimate and F2 bounds the union by . Each stage contains , giving equality. This also proves has size exactly . All sets stay inside .
Every of size at most is contained in one . For nonempty , assign each member its least entry stage. There are at most such stages, and F3/F4 make regular, so their supremum lies below . Since the sequence increases, that stage or its successor contains . For empty take . The representative of each realized pattern over was then added at . Thus every realized pattern over has a representative in , with exclusion of built into the successor rule.
Since , let be the least ordinal in . Recursively, at put . Its cardinality is at most , and it is a subset of if the previous choices were. The pattern of over is realized, since . By step 4.1 take to be the least representative of this pattern in . F5 defines the sequence from this rule, which always has an eligible value. It is injective by the exclusion of , and is outside its range. Equality of the chosen patterns is exactly the displayed assertion for every -subset of previous nodes. At stages with fewer than previous nodes the equality has no instances but the representative still exists.
Depends on
- Partition arrows and homogeneous sets
- Commutativity, associativity, distributivity and monotonicity of $\oplus$ and $\otimes$, the unit laws, the two exponent laws, and $\kappa \le \lambda$ if and only if $\kappa$ injects into $\lambda$
- Absorption: for cardinals $\kappa, \lambda$ with $\kappa$ infinite and $\lambda \le \kappa$, $\kappa \oplus \lambda = \kappa$, and $\kappa \otimes \lambda = \kappa$ when $\lambda \ne 0$
- $\aleph_0$ is regular in ZF; assuming the Axiom of Choice every successor aleph $\aleph_{\alpha+1}$ is regular; $\operatorname{cf}(\aleph_\omega) = \aleph_0$, so $\aleph_\omega$ is singular, and under choice it is the least singular infinite cardinal
- Every infinite cardinal is $\aleph_\alpha$ for exactly one ordinal $\alpha$, in ZF; and, assuming the Axiom of Choice, every infinite set is equinumerous with exactly one aleph
- Transfinite recursion
- Cantor's theorem: $A \prec \mathcal{P}(A)$
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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