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Continuity of finite-dimensional quantum entropy

Statement

For each fixed finite dimension d, von Neumann entropy is continuous on density operators (Density operator) on Cd in operator norm (The operator norm is zero on the zero domain and otherwise is max_{||v||=1} ||Tv||). Thus, if ρk→ρ in operator norm, then S(ρk)→S(ρ).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A fixed finite dimension d and density operators ρk,ρ on Cd.

[F1]

Finite-dimensional von Neumann entropy: S(ρ)=−∑jλjln⁡λj, with 0ln⁡0:=0.

[F2]

Ordered eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices are operator-norm Lipschitz: each ordered eigenvalue of Hermitian matrices changes by at most the operator norm of the matrix difference.

[F3]

Order, continuity, range, and the product, quotient, and reciprocal laws for the natural logarithm: ln⁡ is continuous, strictly increasing, and onto R. By The natural logarithm as the inverse of the exponential function, ln⁡(exp⁡u)=u and exp⁡(ln⁡t)=t for t>0.

[F5]

Density operator: a density operator is nonnegative with trace one, so its eigenvalues lie in [0,1].

Proof

1.1F3F4algebraconstruct

Define h(t)=−tln⁡t for 0<t≤1 and h(0)=0. It is continuous for positive t by [F3]. Since ln⁡ is increasing and onto, ln⁡t→−∞ as t↓0. Put u=−ln⁡t; then t=exp⁡(−u)=1/exp⁡u by the inverse and reciprocal identities in [F3]. Hence h(t)=u/exp⁡u→0 by [F4] with m=a=1, so h is continuous on [0,1].

2.1F2F5step 1.1givenchoose

Let λ1(ρ)≥⋯≥λd(ρ) and similarly for ρk. By [F5], density eigenvalues lie in [0,1]; [F2] gives ∣λj(ρk)−λj(ρ)∣≤∥ρk−ρ∥ for every j. For any ε>0, continuity of h at the finitely many λj(ρ) gives one positive radius δ such that ∥ρk−ρ∥<δ makes ∣h(λj(ρk))−h(λj(ρ))∣<ε/d for all j.

3.1F1step 1.1step 2.1algebra∎

Sum the d inequalities in step 2.1 and use [F1]. This gives ∣S(ρk)−S(ρ)∣<ε whenever ∥ρk−ρ∥<δ, proving continuity. The zero-eigenvalue boundary is covered by step 1.1, so no full-rank assumption is used.

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