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A faithful rational action with a fixed point forces affineness
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be algebraically closed, a smooth algebraic group, and an integral separated -variety. Suppose acts rationally and scheme-faithfully on : for every test scheme, only the identity group point induces the identity birational transformation after base change. If some satisfies on a dense open subset of where the total action is defined, then is affine. In particular this holds for the faithful rational action induced by left translation of a subgroup on a variety birational to its ambient group.
Facts & Assumptions
If two successive rational action values are defined, their composition is defined and agrees with the product action. (Composition at points in the domain of a rational group action)
A scheme-faithful rational action whose regular domain contains and whose restriction there is the constant morphism has a faithful finite-dimensional jet representation, which realizes as a closed subgroup of a general linear group. (A scheme-faithful action fixing a point has a faithful finite jet representation)
Nonempty locally closed subsets of finite-type schemes over an algebraically closed field have closed rational points. (Over an algebraically closed field, every maximal ideal is an evaluation ideal)
Proof
Given: AC, , , , a scheme-faithful rational action, and fixed on the stated dense open.
First suppose connected. Replace the dense fixed open by . For any , the dense opens and intersect; by [F3] choose in their intersection and write with . Both and are defined, so [F1] implies that the total action is defined at and has value . Its regular domain is open. Its closed complement cannot meet , because any nonempty such intersection would contain a closed point by [F3]. Thus the domain contains all of . Since is smooth and hence reduced, its restriction to this subscheme equals the constant morphism : on affine target charts their coordinate differences vanish on all closed points, hence vanish in the reduced coordinate ring.
Apply [F2] to obtain a closed immersion for some finite . General linear groups are affine, and a closed subscheme of an affine scheme is affine, so is affine. For arbitrary smooth , its identity component is open and closed: smooth local rings are domains, so irreducible components are disjoint, and translations identify the connected components. The rational action restricted to the identity component is scheme-faithful and its dense fixed open is nonempty, so the preceding argument makes that component affine. There are finitely many components and each is a translate of it by a rational point, available by [F3]. Their disjoint union is affine, the spectrum of the finite product of their coordinate rings. Hence is affine. AC is inherited from [F2] and the geometric suppliers.
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Sources
- Brion–Samuel–Uma, Lectures on the structure of algebraic groups, Proposition 2.3.2, pp.28–29 (standard reference, not scraped)