How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Real and complex are Banach
Statement
For either scalar field , the space with the supremum norm is a Banach space. No choice principle is used.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A scalar field and a supremum-norm Cauchy sequence in .
The space consists of the bounded scalar sequences which tend to zero and carries the supremum norm (The sequence spaces c_0 and ell-infinity).
Every real Cauchy sequence converges in , without choice (The reals are complete), and every complex Cauchy sequence converges in (The complex plane is complete, and convergence is equivalent to convergence of real and imaginary parts).
A uniquely specified image of a set is a set by Replacement (The Axiom Schema of Replacement: for each formula , if defines a class function on then its image on is a set).
A normed space is Banach exactly when every norm-Cauchy sequence converges to a point of the space (Banach space).
Proof
Fix . Since the scalar sequence is Cauchy. By [F2] it has a unique limit, say . The formula sending to the ordered pair is single-valued, so [F3] collects these pairs into the graph of one scalar sequence . This uses uniqueness and Replacement, not a choice of one limit from each of many non-singleton sets.
The sequence is bounded. Choose so that whenever . For every coordinate , letting tend to infinity in gives . Therefore for every .
In fact in the supremum norm. Given , choose so that for all . Fix and . Passing to the coordinatewise limit as yields . Taking the supremum over gives
The uniform limit still tends to zero. Given , use step 3.1 with tolerance to fix an with . Since , [F1] gives such that for all . Hence Together with boundedness from step 2.1, this says .
Thus every supremum-norm Cauchy sequence in real or complex converges in that norm to an element of . By [F4], both spaces are Banach. The construction in step 1.1 used the unique scalar limits and Replacement, and no choice principle entered any step.
Remarks
This A-page lemma is the direct completeness supplier needed by the companion reflexivity examples. The already published proof that is Banach occurs on another examples page; it cannot be used here because companion B pages are leaves in the page-dependency plan.
Depends on
- The sequence spaces c_0 and ell-infinity
- The reals are complete
- The complex plane is complete, and convergence is equivalent to convergence of real and imaginary parts
- The Axiom Schema of Replacement: for each formula $\varphi$, if $\varphi$ defines a class function on $A$ then its image on $A$ is a set
- Banach space
Used by
- c₀ is not reflexive Counterexample
- Reflexivity of ℓᵖ and Lᵖ Example
Dependency tree · two levels
25 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Gerald Teschl, Topics in Real and Functional Analysis (standard reference, not scraped)