How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
The reals are complete
Statement
Every Cauchy sequence of real numbers (Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals) converges to a real number. Together with The reals form a totally ordered field, this completes the construction: is a complete totally ordered field. The proof uses no form of the axiom of choice.
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A Cauchy sequence of reals.
Rational approximation: for any real and rational there is with (The rationals embed densely in the reals).
Archimedean property: for rational there is with (The rationals are Archimedean).
Cauchy definitions in and (Cauchy sequence of rationals, Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals).
The embedding preserves and reflects order and arithmetic; triangle inequality in (The rationals embed densely in the reals, The reals form a totally ordered field, Order on the reals).
Reals are classes of rational Cauchy sequences (The real numbers).
Every rational has a positive-denominator integer representative; the nonnegative integers are the embedded naturals, with compatible arithmetic and order (Every rational has a positive-denominator representative, The naturals embed in the integers, The integers form a totally ordered ring).
Every nonempty subset of has a unique least element (The well-ordering principle). Cartesian products are sets (The Cartesian product ), and a uniquely specified subset of an existing set is formed by Separation (The Axiom Schema of Separation: for each formula , ).
Upper bounds, least upper bounds, and completeness mean the least-upper-bound property (Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)).
A specified self-map of a set and an initial value define a unique sequence by recursion; natural-number induction proves its invariants (The recursion theorem, The principle of mathematical induction).
Proof
For a fixed , call a triple of naturals admissible when , , , and . Here is an integer. Such a triple exists: [L1] supplies one approximating rational ; [L6] makes a positive natural, and either or is a nonnegative integer. Thus some natural satisfies and . Then is a natural with and . This proves nonemptiness separately for each ; it does not choose a family of witnesses.
To prove the least-upper-bound property, fix any nonempty and any upper bound . Fix one , and set , . Then is not an upper bound, is an upper bound, and . For any pair , put and send to if is an upper bound of , and to otherwise. This specifies a single self-map; [L9] gives its unique iterated sequence . Only one element and one upper bound are fixed; each later value is uniquely determined, so no choice axiom is used.
Let be the least first coordinate of an admissible triple; with fixed, let be the least admissible second coordinate; with both fixed, let be the least admissible third coordinate. Each minimum exists and is unique by [L7]. Define . This unique rule defines the graph of as a subset of by Separation. Consequently for every , without choosing representatives of all the or invoking any choice axiom.
Induction gives that is not an upper bound, is an upper bound, , and . Here and , defined by recursion. Also : the base case is equality, and propagates the bound. Put . By [L1] choose a rational with , and set , so . Given rational , [L2] supplies with . For every , . Thus the interval widths tend to zero, proved using only rational Archimedeanity.
is Cauchy in : given rational , pick with and with for ; then for , , and the embedding reflects order, so .
Set , the class of this rational Cauchy sequence.
: given rational , pick with and with for ; for , the difference has representative , whose absolute values are eventually below , so , and .
Since the initial Cauchy sequence was arbitrary, every Cauchy sequence of reals converges in .
For , nestedness puts in , so . Step 2.2 makes this less than any prescribed positive rational tolerance for all sufficiently large ; hence is Cauchy. By step 6.1 (reindexing by ), it converges to a real . For every fixed , nestedness gives for all . If , density supplies a rational with , and eventually contradicts . If , use instead. Thus for every . In particular , so step 2.2 also proves .
For every , for all . If , choose a positive rational with ; convergence gives eventually , a contradiction. Hence is an upper bound of . If is any upper bound, for every : since is not an upper bound, some satisfies . This is a separate existential implication for each , with no sequence of witnesses chosen. If , take and use to obtain eventually , a contradiction. Thus for every upper bound : is the least upper bound.
Every Cauchy sequence of reals converges, and every nonempty bounded-above subset of has a least upper bound. Together with its totally ordered field structure, is a complete totally ordered field; neither construction uses any form of the axiom of choice.
Depends on
- Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals
- The rationals embed densely in the reals
- The rationals are Archimedean
- The reals form a totally ordered field
- The real numbers
- Cauchy sequence of rationals
- Order on the reals
- The well-ordering principle
- Every rational has a positive-denominator representative
- The naturals embed in the integers
- The integers form a totally ordered ring
- The Axiom Schema of Separation: for each formula $\varphi$, $\forall \bar p\,\forall x\,\exists y\,\forall z\,(z \in y \leftrightarrow (z \in x \wedge \varphi(z,\bar p)))$
- The Cartesian product $A \times B := \{\, z \in \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{P}(A \cup B)) : \exists a \in A\ \exists b \in B\ z = (a,b) \,\}$
- Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)
- The recursion theorem
- The principle of mathematical induction
Used by
- The Cauchy-sequence reals have the least-upper-bound property Corollary
- A closed subspace of ell-infinity that is not complemented Counterexample
- A nonzero left-null datum passes the series test but is not in the range Counterexample
- A smooth map can fail the tangential cone condition Counterexample
- An identifiable model can have persistent ABC summary distortion Counterexample
- The heat flow need not converge in supremum norm Counterexample
- A Bernoulli count is a sufficient summary for a finite-sample posterior Example
- A Bochner-integral forward map with weakly closed graph Example
- A broken P1 test exposes a nonzero consistency residual Example
- A nonlinear Tikhonov functional can have two global minimizers Example
- A polynomial-tail law with finite variance Example
- A repeated eigenspace can be stable while chosen eigenvectors oscillate Example
- A smooth map with a local tangential cone neighborhood Example
- An untuned heavy-ball recurrence diverges on a scalar quadratic Example
- Borel subspaces of polish spaces are standard borel Example
- Circumcenters of finite sets in the infinite dihedral Davis line Example
- Diagonal Schatten class criteria on ell two Example
- Euclidean borel spaces are standard borel Example
- Forward Euler creates an observation-map error Example
- One corrupted block is rejected by the geometric median Example
- Tangent identifies a bounded incomplete interval with the unbounded complete real line Example
- The regular translation system on L²(ℝⁿ): position, momentum and trivial stabilizer Example
- Vanishing acceptance probability with a stable zero-tolerance target Example
- FALSE: a convergent subsequence forces the sequence to converge False statement
- A maximal ODE solution cannot remain in a compact tube to a finite endpoint Lemma
- Compactness of equi-Lipschitz curves with values in a compact Euclidean set Lemma
- Countable compactness closes in the bidual Lemma
- Eberlein–Šmulian metrization on the relevant dual ball Lemma
- Every convergent sequence is Cauchy Lemma
- Predictably weighted bounded martingale differences have a convergent series Lemma
- Real and complex c₀ are Banach Lemma
- The finitely additive integral is well-defined and isometric Lemma
- The half-order diagonal singularity defines a bounded improper integral Lemma
- The half-turn constant exceeds √2 Lemma
- The real square-summable sequence space is complete Lemma
- The unit interval with its Borel structure is standard Borel Lemma
- Translations of the half-order kernel are continuous in the improper L1 norm Lemma
- Conventions for sequences: indexing, eventually, lim, and rational ε Remark
- Two independent proofs that ℝ is Cauchy complete, and why the library records both Remark
- An increasing harmonic sequence converges locally uniformly to a harmonic limit or diverges to +infinity Theorem
…and 11 more results.
Dependency tree · two levels
56 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- T. Tao, Analysis I, 3rd ed., §6.4 (standard reference, not scraped)
- W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd ed., Ch. 3 (standard reference, not scraped)
- L. S. Krapp, Constructions of the real numbers: a set theoretical approach (Oxford, 2014) (standard reference, not scraped)
- W. Aitken, Constructing the Real Numbers, Section 8, Lemma 30 and footnote 3 (standard reference, not scraped)