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Eberlein–Šmulian metrization on the relevant dual ball
Statement
Assume and HB. Let be a separable real or complex normed space and let be weakly compact. Then the weak topology on is metrizable. More precisely, there is a sequence in the closed unit ball of that separates the points of , and
is a metric on inducing its relative weak topology. If , the unique metric on each of its two subsets gives the same conclusion.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: , HB, a separable real or complex normed space , and a weakly compact subset .
Separability means existence of an at most countable dense subset, and each nonempty at most countable set is the image of a surjection from (Separability: the existence of an at most countable dense subset, A nonempty set is at most countable iff it is a surjective image of ).
Under HB, every nonzero vector has a norm-one functional taking that vector to its norm, in both scalar fields (Relative dual norming, point separation, and recovery of the norm).
supplies a choice function for every sequence of nonempty sets (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
The weak topology is initial for the members of (Weak topology on a normed space).
The real and complex scalar fields are complete for their usual metrics (The reals are complete, The complex plane is complete, and convergence is equivalent to convergence of real and imaginary parts).
The standard weighted sum of bounded complete coordinate metrics is a complete metric inducing the countable product topology (The standard weighted metric on a countable product of bounded complete metric spaces is complete).
Every metric space is Hausdorff (Distinct points of a metric space have disjoint balls around them).
A continuous bijection from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a homeomorphism (A continuous image of a compact space is compact; a continuous real-valued map on a nonempty compact space attains a maximum and a minimum; and a continuous bijection from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a homeomorphism, claim 3).
HB is the named real dominated-extension principle (The real dominated-extension principle as an additional hypothesis over ZF).
The product topology is initial for the coordinate projections (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space).
Proof
Proof technique: a countable norming family and a compact-to-Hausdorff identification.
If , then is either empty or the singleton . In either case the zero function is the unique metric and induces the only topology on , which is its relative weak topology. Hence suppose below that .
On put . This is a metric bounded by and induces the usual scalar topology, because its balls of radius below are the usual metric balls. It is complete: a -Cauchy sequence is eventually Cauchy for at every tolerance below , so [F5] gives a usual limit, and gives convergence in .
By separability, take an at most countable norm-dense . It is nonempty because its closure is the nonempty space . The set is at most countable and nonempty. It is dense in the unit sphere: if and , density gives with , so and . By [F1], enumerate as , allowing repetitions.
Apply [F6] to countably many copies of . The formula is a metric on inducing its product topology. Its restriction to every subset is a metric inducing the subspace topology, and that metric topology is Hausdorff by [F7].
For each , let . Each is nonempty by [F2], including in the complex case where the attained value is the positive real number . Apply once to the sequence and obtain for every .
The family separates points of . If , put and choose with . Then , since . Therefore .
Define by . Every coordinate is weakly continuous, so the initial property of the product topology makes continuous. Step 4.1 makes it injective. Its corestriction is therefore a continuous bijection.
The weak space is compact by hypothesis, and is Hausdorff by step 2.2. Hence [F8] makes a homeomorphism. Pulling the restricted product metric back along gives exactly , the displayed metric, and its topology is precisely the relative weak topology on . Together with step 1.1 this proves the claim for every and for empty as well as nonempty .
The only countable selection is step 3.1, where selects the norming family. HB is used only inside the individual norming-functional supplier [F2]. Enumeration in step 2.1 is obtained from one at-most-countable set by its supplied surjection and uses no choice. The argument metrizes only the supplied weakly compact in a separable ; it makes no metrizability claim for all of or for nonseparable spaces.
Source notes
Haase, Theorem E.2, printed pp. 346–347, proves the corresponding compact countable-evaluation metrization pattern for a separable compact subset of a pointwise function space. Here the HB norming family supplies the separating evaluations, and compact-to-Hausdorff identifies the resulting product topology with the weak topology on . No part of the unavailable Whitley paper is used.
Depends on
- Weak topology on a normed space
- Separability: the existence of an at most countable dense subset
- A nonempty set is at most countable iff it is a surjective image of $\mathbb{N}$
- Relative dual norming, point separation, and recovery of the norm
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- The real dominated-extension principle as an additional hypothesis over ZF
- The product set $\prod_{i \in I} X_i$ of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space
- The reals are complete
- The complex plane is complete, and convergence is equivalent to convergence of real and imaginary parts
- The standard weighted metric on a countable product of bounded complete metric spaces is complete
- Distinct points of a metric space have disjoint balls around them
- A continuous image of a compact space is compact; a continuous real-valued map on a nonempty compact space attains a maximum and a minimum; and a continuous bijection from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a homeomorphism
Used by
- Eberlein–Šmulian theorem Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
80 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Haase, The Functional Analysis of Quantum Information Theory (standard reference, not scraped)
- Brezis, Functional Analysis, Sobolev Spaces and Partial Differential Equations (standard reference, not scraped)