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The four-band case is a Markov sequence

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. In the irreducible four-band d-pair configuration of the preceding item, the two ways of reducing the peak to height zero produce closed braids X′,Z′ whose braid words differ by a finite sequence of braid isotopies and ordinary Markov stabilizations and destabilizations. The source comparison has two comparison blocks, its right and left columns, each with one multiple-strand stabilization and one multiple-strand destabilization; each is expanded into finitely many ordinary moves. The uniform over/under ambiguity in a multiple reduction is resolved by a band exchange, which also has a finite ordinary Markov sequence. Consequently the peak can be cancelled by Markov moves.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC, the irreducible four-band d-pair configuration of Reducing-move peaks can be lowered to the four-band case with its two reducing arcs, occurring as an interior peak of a reducing portion with height-zero endpoints, and the two multiple reductions of its peak to height zero.

[F1]

The irreducible configuration consists of at most four bands of mutually coherent parallel Seifert circles joined by braids; a multiple reduction slides all strands of one band over, or all under, the strands of the other in one band slide, which is a sequence of ordinary reducing moves, and the two ways of reducing the peak use the arc pairs αr,αp in one order and αs,αu in the other (Reducing-move peaks can be lowered to the four-band case).

[F2]

The standard closure uses its fixed disk framing, and has exactly n points in each page; components correspond to endpoint-permutation cycles (The closure of a geometric braid).

[F3]

For arbitrary P,Q∈Bn−1, n≥2, the ordinary exchange Pσn−1Qσn−1−1↦Pσn−1−1Qσn−1 has an explicit sequence of conjugations, one ordinary stabilization and one ordinary destabilization, with either sign (Ordinary exchange moves are Markov sequences).

[F4]

Braid-like II and III moves of closed braid diagrams together with planar isotopies are braid isotopies and give conjugate read words; signed ordinary stabilizations and destabilizations are the strand-changing Markov moves (Braid-like Reidemeister moves on closed braids are braid isotopies, Markov conjugation and stabilization moves).

[F5]

For arbitrary braid boxes on entire blocks of widths p,q, the uniform block interchange Qp,q satisfies (α⊗β)Qp,q=Qp,q(β⊗α), and its inverse satisfies the reversed identity (Block interchanges transport arbitrary braid boxes).

[F6]

Assume AC. For an arbitrary surrounding braid α∈Bn, a compensated packet Wm=Qm,mTm−1 on the last m original strands and m new strands is realized by m ordinary positive destabilizations and conjugations, from n+m strands to n; its mirror uses m negative destabilizations, and reversal gives the corresponding stabilizations. The reverse-order negative packet Vm=TmQm,m−1=Qm,m−1(1m⊗Tm) has the same m negative ordinary destabilizations with arbitrary surrounding braid (Compensated band kinks decompose into ordinary Markov moves).

[F7]

Braids acting on disjoint consecutive strand blocks commute: their generator indices differ by at least two, so the far-commutation relation applies to every pair of letters, including inverses (The braid group by Artin presentation).

[F8]

For arbitrary core-plus-band boxes P∈Bc+p and Q∈Bc+q, the typed band exchange PQp,qQQp,q−1↦PQq,p−1QQq,p has a full ordinary Markov sequence: pad the smaller band by actual positive stabilizations at a cyclic cut, use compensated equal-width exchange and remove the padding. Zero-width endpoints coincide (Band exchanges decompose into ordinary Markov moves).

[F10]

The frozen positive geometric generator is an anticlockwise half rotation: its first indexed point goes through negative second coordinate; this is part of the fixed oriented transverse-disc convention (The elementary geometric half twist, its support disc, and its opposite).

[F11]

The geometric product [γ][β]=[γ⋆β] runs β during the first half of the height interval and γ during the second (Stacking of geometric braids is a well-defined associative operation on isotopy classes).

[F12]

With arbitrary four boxes on the stated original and shifted blocks, the first comparison words satisfy RβR−1=αKVK−1, with K an old-strand full-twist/placement word and V the reverse-order negative packet. Therefore they differ by exactly d negative ordinary stabilizations and conjugations, including the c=0,d=0 cases (The first four-band comparison is a compensated band stabilization).

[F13]

With the displayed arbitrary old boxes and whole-block routings, the second comparison satisfies Y1βY1−1=αKVK−1, with K in the old Bn and V the reverse-order negative packet. It therefore consists of exactly d negative ordinary destabilizations and conjugations (The second four-band comparison is a compensated band destabilization).

[F14]

The Artin generators map to the fixed geometric half twists by a choice-free surjective homomorphism; under AC this map is an isomorphism. Geometric braids are paths of distinct disk points based at the fixed symmetric real configuration, with isotopy given by endpoint-fixed homotopies (The Artin presentation surjects onto the geometric braid group, The Artin presentation is complete for geometric braids, Geometric braids in the disc with setwise endpoints).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1given

The two multiple reductions. The specified peak is X←Y→Z, with the two first ordinary reducing moves fixed as part of the given data. In Traczyk's Figure 7, one uniform multiple reduction begins with the specified move along αr to X and is completed by the uniform reduction along αp; the other begins with the specified move along αs to Z and is completed along αu. These are distinct arc pairs, rather than merely the same two moves in reversed order. They give the two height-zero diagrams X′,Z′ shown in the bottom of Traczyk's Figure 7 and in Birman--Brendle's Figure 12, printed p. 26. We must compare their braid words, preserving the source's uniform over/under convention and arbitrary internal boxes.

1.2F4F5F7F10F11algebra

Chronological records and oriented frames. The geometric product runs its rightmost factor first. In the source picture we may list crossings and boxes chronologically along the oriented braid; call this list its chronological record. The actual braid-group element is its word reversal rev⁡, with each individual generator's sign unchanged. Reversal preserves the Artin relations, which are palindromic or far commutations, so it defines an involutive anti-automorphism. It takes a conjugation by g to one by rev⁡(g)−1, and takes a right stabilization to a left stabilization; cyclic conjugation converts the latter to a right stabilization of the same sign. Hence any ordinary Markov sequence for chronological records gives one for the actual elements with the same strand-changing counts. Moreover rev⁡(Qp,q)=Qq,p: label a cell of Qp,q by row j=1,…,q and entry i=1,…,p, with index p+j−i. After reversal put I=p−i+1, J=q−j+1; the entry is σq+I−J, ordered first by increasing J then I. The rows of Qq,p order this same grid first by I then J. The pairs that change order have I>I′ and J<J′, with index difference (I−I′)+(J′−J)≥2, so only far commutations are needed. Empty widths are included. At a Figure 8 cut we use increasing radial coordinate and positive depth as the transverse frame (er,eZ), so ports are numbered inner to outer. The clockwise braid tangent is −eθ, and (er,eZ,−eθ) preserves ambient orientation. At a Figure 11 cut we instead use (−er,−eZ), so ports are numbered outer to inner; the two transverse frames differ by an orientation-preserving half rotation, not a reflection. Positive anticlockwise half twists therefore retain the frozen generator convention: the first inner port passes through negative physical depth in the former frame, while the first outer port passes through positive physical depth in the latter. All chronological formulas below are read in their stated frame and are explicitly reversed to interpret them as actual braid-group words.

1.3F3F4algebra

The ordinary exchange comparison. If the ambiguity has the ordinary exchange form of [F3], put t=σn−1 and s=σn. Its first and last weaving words are E1=Pts−1t−1sQt−1 and E5=Pt−1Qst−1s−1t. The supplier proves sE1s−1=E5 using only the adjacent Artin relation and the commutation of P,Q with s. It also writes E1=As−1B with A=Pt2, B=t−1Qt−1 and BA=A−1(PtQt−1)A, and t2E5t−2=(t2(Pt−1Qt)t−2)s−1. These expose an ordinary stabilization and destabilization with both arbitrary boxes retained. This verifies the ordinary Figure 11 exchange. The multiple-band case is supplied by [F8], with the source endpoint trace below.

1.4F5F7F12construct

The right-column arbitrary-box slide. Retain the first comparison's placements and put F=Hιa(Td), Cout=C1, Dout=D1, Cin=C on the first a+d strands, Din=D on the first b+d strands, and G=Y1−1A1FB1Y1. The second panel is βR2=CoutGDoutU and the third panel is βR3=DinGCinU. The inverse whole-block naturality [F5] gives UCout=CinU and DoutU=UDin. Also Dout and Cin are on disjoint blocks, so they commute by [F7]. Thus conjugating by Cout−1 gives GDoutUCout=GCinUDin, and conjugating this by Din gives βR3. These are two explicit conjugations with arbitrary internal boxes; there is no strand change and no twist is commuted through part of a box.

1.5F4F7algebra

Inversion transfers signed comparisons. Word inversion reverses product order and inverts every letter. It takes conjugate braids to conjugate braids. If a chronological right stabilization is γ↦γσnϵ, its inverse is γ−1↦σn−ϵγ−1, and cyclic conjugation turns the latter into γ−1σn−ϵ. Thus inversion transfers any ordinary Markov sequence, reversing its crossing signs and keeping its strand-changing counts; reversal of the sequence additionally interchanges stabilization and destabilization. This is an assertion about words and move sequences, not an identification of a link with the closure of its inverse braid. Universal identities with arbitrary boxes may be applied to inverse boxes first and then inverted.

2.1F8F5F3algebra

The Figure 11 band-exchange endpoints. Cut immediately before the upper box P in the initial and final panels of Traczyk's Figure 11, and number the ports from outermost to innermost. Write their widths as (c,p,q): the outer core has width c, the middle exchanged band width p, and the inner exchanged band width q. The upper box acts on the first c+p ports. Read the right-hand crossing in the braid direction: it uniformly interchanges (p,q) with (q,p), so the lower box Q acts on the first c+q ports; the left-hand crossing restores (p,q). With the first crossing positive in this outer-first frame, the initial chronological record is PQp,qQQp,q−1. In the final panel the two crossing signs are reversed, while the two boxes remain in the same positions with the same oriented endpoint frames. The negative first interchange with input (p,q) is Qq,p−1, so the final chronological record is PQq,p−1QQq,p. By step 1.2, their actual words, after a cyclic cut, are respectively rev⁡(P)Qq,p−1rev⁡(Q)Qq,p and rev⁡(P)Qp,qrev⁡(Q)Qp,q−1; [F8] applies in reverse direction, with the same core-plus-band supports. If the projection convention reads the first crossing negative, reverse the same comparison. By [F8] these endpoints have a full ordinary Markov sequence for arbitrary boxes and unequal widths: the after-crossing cyclic-cut identity Q(vϵ+)−1(Pσc+p)vϵ+=(Qvϵ−1Pvϵ)σc+p+q makes padding an actual stabilization, and the equal-width computation retains the compensation through its weaving conjugation and restores it before destabilizing. Zero widths give identical endpoints by [F8]. This proves the source's complete Figure 11 exchange by an independently reproducible computation, without requiring acceptance of its intermediate arrows. The relevant reducing-choice endpoint factorization is given below.

2.2F2F6F12step 1.2algebra

The first right-column strand-changing arrow. Cut the initial Figure 8 right-column diagram immediately before the striped box C, with inner-to-outer ports (b,a,d,c) in the frame of step 1.2. Put n=a+b+c+d, X=Qb,a and Y=ιa+b(Qc,d). The chronological record is αC=C0Y−1A0XB0YD0X−1, exactly α of [F12]; it is the cyclic record before C of the initial before-A record. At the corresponding cut in the second right-column panel the ports are (b,dnew,a,dold,c), with total n+d. The striped and black boxes now begin after the first b+d ports, and the grid and textured boxes after the first a+d ports. The left cap remains the negative interchange Y1−1 of the last (d,c) blocks, the upper weave is the positive reversal of (b,dnew,a) given by H=Qb,d+aQd,a, its + square is the full Td on the middle copied band after H, the right cap is Y1, and the lower weave is the negative uniform interchange of the two whole blocks (a+d,b+d) given by U=Qb+d,a+d−1. Thus the complete chronological record is βR2=C1Y1−1A1H ιa(Td) B1Y1D1U, with every shifted embedding specified in [F12]. The old and copied d port labels interchange at the end of this record; they are not asserted to remain the same physical strands inside arbitrary boxes. By the full general identity of [F12], RβR2R−1=αCKVK−1, where ℓ=a+d+c, R=ιb(Qℓ,d), K=ιb(Tℓ−1)ιa+b(Qd,c) and V=ιn−d(TdQd,d−1). In particular the old full twist in K and the reverse compensation order in V are retained. Conjugating αC by K−1, adding this packet by [F6], and conjugating by K and R−1 gives the second panel with exactly d negative ordinary stabilizations. Step 1.2 reverses this complete sequence to interpret the actual geometric words, preserving those counts and signs. For d=0 the words coincide; for c=0 the caps disappear but the same general identity applies. This verifies the first strand-changing source arrow with all boxes and frame compensation present.

2.3F13step 1.2algebra

The second right-column strand-changing arrow. At the third panel cut before Din, the inner-to-outer ports are (b,dold,a,dnew,c). The first inner box is Din; the left cap Y1−1 moves (dnew,c) to (c,dnew), and the outer black box A1 acts on the now consecutive (a,c) block. After the upper routing and the grid box, Y1 returns (c,dnew) to (dnew,c), so Cin acts on (a,dold) and U closes the record with the two d blocks interchanged. The cap is the inverse of a (c,d) interchange and therefore requires input (d,c), also when the widths differ. The upper positive routing H takes (b,dold,a) to (a,dold,b) and its positive square is ιa(Td). The grid box is B1, the right cap is Y1, the inner striped box is Cin, and the lower uniform negative routing is U. Hence its complete chronological record is βR3=DinY1−1A1FB1Y1CinU. In the bottom-right panel the same cut has only (b,d,a,c): the cap crossings have disappeared and the lower three-band routing with its negative square is precisely F−1. Its record is αR4=DinA1FB1CinF−1. These are exactly [F13], whose old-strand conjugator is K2=ιb(Qd,a)ιa+b(Qc,d−1). Therefore the third to fourth right-panel arrow is d negative ordinary destabilizations and conjugations. The source's copied and old d ports interchange when this closed record returns to its cut; the boxes have the specified supports irrespective of internal permutations. Step 1.2 interprets the actual group words without changing signs or counts. At c=0 there are no caps; at d=0 the panels coincide, as [F13] proves.

3.1F12F13step 1.2step 1.4step 1.5step 2.2step 2.3algebra

Both left-column strand-changing arrows. Apply the universal right-column computations to A−1,B−1,C−1,D−1 and invert their complete words, then use a cyclic cut. The old bottom-left record before A1 is αL4=A1DinFCinB1F−1; the third left-panel record is βL3=A1Y1DinU−1CinY1−1B1F−1. These are the cyclic inverses of αR4,βR3 with inverse box inputs. Their source ports at the cut before A1 are (b,dold,a,c,dnew). The left positive cap gives (b,dold,a,dnew,c); the upper positive routing U−1 then gives (a,dnew,b,dold,c); the right negative cap gives (a,dnew,b,c,dold). The lower negative routing and negative square are F−1 and return (b,dnew,a,c,dold). The boxes encountered are respectively outer A1, inner Din, inner Cin, outer B1, as the displayed record specifies. By steps 1.5 and 2.3, the source arrow L4→L3 is d positive ordinary stabilizations and conjugations. Next the second left-panel record before C1 is βL2=C1U−1D1Y1−1B1F−1A1Y1, while the initial left-panel record before C0 is αL1=C0XD0Y−1B0X−1A0Y. These are the cyclic inverses of βR2,αC with inverse boxes. For βL2 start with ports (b,dold,a,dnew,c); the upper U−1 gives (a,dnew,b,dold,c), the right Y1−1 gives (a,dnew,b,c,dold), the lower F−1 gives (b,dnew,a,c,dold), and the left Y1 gives (b,dnew,a,dold,c). Thus the outer striped and textured boxes have exactly C1,D1 placements and the lower black/grid boxes exactly A1,B1 placements; all crossing signs and the negative square are those of the inverse records. By steps 1.5 and 2.2, L2→L1 is d positive ordinary destabilizations and conjugations. The L3→L2 slide is the inverse-box/inversion transfer of step 1.4, so consists only of conjugations. The zero-width cases transfer as well. Finally step 1.2 turns every chronological comparison into the actual word comparison.

3.2F1F5F8step 1.1step 2.1algebra

Classify the commissioned reducing choices. Use the source's band convention in [F1]: every multiple reduction has all its individual slides over, or all under, the other band. The given peak specifies the first ordinary reducing move to X or Z, including its crossing choice. Therefore the sign of the initial uniform multiple reduction r or s is fixed by that first move; the remaining copies in that uniform slide cannot independently change signs. The free choices are the final uniform reductions p and u. Write the four original band widths as a,b,c,d, with the left and right bands a,b>0, and top/bottom c,d≥0, and retain A,B,C,D for the black, grid, striped and textured boxes. For the right-column Figure 8 endpoint arising from p, cut before A with inner-to-outer ports (b,a,c,d). The upper central crossing interchanges b,a, leaving A on (a,c) and B on (b,c); thus Pp=AQb,aB acts on the first k+c strands, k=a+b. After the outer right cap interchanges c,d, the lower portion has D on (b,d), its central inverse interchange returns the core order, and C acts on (a,d); hence Qp=DQb,a−1C acts on the first k+d strands. In the inner-first frame of step 1.2, the outer band passes over the inner at the right cap, so that cap is positive Qc,d; the left cap is its negative inverse. The endpoint's chronological record is therefore PpQc,dQpQc,d−1, with the cap words shifted by k. Reversing the uniform over/under choice of p reverses precisely these two cap crossing signs; the four boxes and the central crossings from the fixed first reduction are unchanged in their oriented frames. The other chronological record is PpQd,c−1QpQd,c, exactly the typed exchange of [F8] with core k and widths (c,d). For the left-column endpoint arising from u, cut before C with ports (b,a,d,c). The upper portion is Pu=CQb,aD∈Bk+d; the lower portion after the right cap is Qu=BQb,a−1A∈Bk+c. Its displayed cap signs in that same inner-first frame give the chronological record PuQc,d−1QuQc,d, and changing the uniform u choice gives PuQd,cQuQd,c−1, the typed exchange with widths (d,c). All these chronological products use the consecutive strand placements fixed at their respective cuts; word reversal from step 1.2 converts them to actual elements and reverses the exchange direction, preserving each box's support. Thus [F8] resolves every free choice under the commissioned uniform convention for both final reductions, with arbitrary internal boxes and no arbitrary-suffix or mixed-choice assertion. If c=0 or d=0, the corresponding last multiple reduction has no individual operations and the two cap words are 1, so there is no such ambiguity.

4.1F1F5F7F8F10F11F14step 1.2step 3.2algebra

The initial uniform choices and the old frame rotation. The actual first reducing moves r,s in the given peak may have the opposite crossing choices to the conveniently drawn source reference. We compare the completed braids, without changing those first moves. First justify changing the old n-strand frame. Let Rv(x)=eπivx for 0≤v≤1. Because the fixed real base configuration is symmetric, the distinct paths Rv(qj) give a geometric n-braid δ returning to the same unordered configuration. For any braid path γ(t), the square (v,t)↦Rv(γ(t)) is a configuration homotopy whose two endpoint edges are this same path δ. Its boundary identity, with the rightmost-first stacking convention [F11], is R1(γ)=δγδ−1. Rotation preserves transverse orientation and carries the fixed positive half twist on adjacent points i,i+1 to the positive half twist on points n−i,n−i+1. By [F14] choose an Artin word for δ; completeness transfers the square identity to the Artin group, giving δσiδ−1=σn−i. The assertion extends to inverse letters and arbitrary words. Thus index reversal Jn(σi)=σn−i is an old-strand conjugation, not a mirror or a Markov strand change. It carries a box on the last r strands to one on the first r. On a rectangular interchange it gives Jp+q(Qp,q)=Qq,p: reflecting generator indices turns cell (j,i) into index q−j+i; exchange the rectangular row and column order, moving only incomparable cells with index difference at least two, just as in step 1.2. Now cut the right completed diagram before the grid box B. Its two central uniform interchanges are the ones created by the initial reduction r, and its remaining record factors as PX−1QX, with P=BYD acting on the last b+c+d ports, Q=CY−1A on the last a+c+d ports, and X=Qb,a on the inner a+b ports. At this cut the fixed final reduction is contained wholly in the two outside cap routings Y,Y−1. Change to the outer-first frame using Jn. With core width c+d, the boxes Jn(P),Jn(Q) act on the first c+d+b,c+d+a ports, and the central inverse interchange is ιc+d(Qa,b−1). The endpoint is therefore the negative endpoint of the typed exchange [F8] with active widths (b,a). Reversing the initial uniform choice gives its positive endpoint with ιc+d(Qb,a) and inverse return; the box braids, outside cap choices and their oriented frames are retained. For the left completed diagram the cut before D gives the same factorization with P=DY−1B and Q=AYC, with the same last-block supports and the same outside core. Hence [F8] also compares its actual initial s choice with the reference choice. Conjugation by the old δ and step 1.2 transfer these comparisons back to the actual braid words. Together with step 3.2 this compares every commissioned uniform initial and final choice to the reference, without modifying the specified peak, selecting independent signs inside a uniform band slide, or assuming partial-band box commutation. Empty outside bands merely reduce the core width; a,b≥1 ensure both active initial reductions are present.

4.2F5F7step 2.3step 3.1algebra

The middle comparison. In the bottom-right and bottom-left panels, all four boxes act on old n strands. The black and textured boxes A1,Din are disjoint; likewise the grid and striped boxes B1,Cin are disjoint, as their stated placements show. At the cut before A1, the right record is A1FB1CinF−1Din and the left record is A1DinFCinB1F−1. The routing F is the full positive three-band weave including its middle-band positive full twist; the lower routing reverses that entire weave and twist and is F−1. Moving the routed twist on its own whole band uses [F5]. By [F7], conjugation by Din changes the right record into DinA1FB1CinF−1=A1DinFCinB1F−1, the left record. This retains every arbitrary box, makes no partial-band commutation, and has no strand change. Step 1.2 transfers the conjugation to the actual words.

5.1F1F8F12F13step 1.1step 1.4step 2.2step 2.3step 3.1step 3.2step 4.1step 4.2∎

Assembly of the source comparison. The right comparison block comprises the first arrow of step 2.2, the box slide of step 1.4, and the second arrow of step 2.3: one multiple negative stabilization and one multiple negative destabilization, each expanded into d ordinary strand changes. Step 4.2 joins it to the left block, whose arrows and box slide are verified in step 3.1: one multiple positive stabilization and one multiple positive destabilization, each likewise expanded into d ordinary strand changes. These are finite sequences even when a band's width is greater than one; at d=0 the strand-changing parts are empty. The reducing-choice exchanges of steps 3.2 and 4.1 contribute additional finite ordinary Markov sequences, so no fixed bound of two individual stabilizations and two individual destabilizations is asserted. All diagrams therefore have the claimed finite comparison, and the specified peak can be cancelled by Markov moves. AC is inherited from the peak-lowering, faithful-action and compensated-packet suppliers.

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