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Every three-connected simple graph with more than four vertices has an edge whose simple contraction remains three-connected
Statement
Every three-connected simple graph with more than four vertices has an edge such that the simple contraction remains three-connected. Connectivity is Vertex cuts, edge cuts, vertex connectivity and edge connectivity , with conventions for complete and one-vertex graphs, simple contraction deletes loops and merges parallel edges as in Vertex and edge deletion, edge contraction, graph minors, subdivisions and topological minors, and separator/path equivalence is supplied by A finite graph on at least vertices is -connected if and only if every two vertices have internally disjoint paths and Menger's theorem: the finite directed and undirected arc, edge and nonadjacent-vertex forms. Finite minimality uses The cardinality of a finite set.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A three-connected simple graph .
A finite graph on at least four vertices is three-connected exactly when every two distinct vertices are joined by at least three internally vertex-disjoint paths (A finite graph on at least vertices is -connected if and only if every two vertices have internally disjoint paths).
Simple contraction deletes resulting loops and merges parallel edges (Vertex and edge deletion, edge contraction, graph minors, subdivisions and topological minors).
Proof
Suppose no edge is contractible. For every edge , the graph has a separator of at most two vertices. Three-connectivity of forces that separator to have the form , where is the contracted vertex; lifting it shows that separates . Every member of this triple has a neighbour in every component of its deletion, since no proper subset can separate a three-connected graph.
Among all choices of and a component of , choose one with least, and choose a neighbour of . The assumed noncontractibility of similarly gives a vertex such that separates , with every member adjacent into every component of its deletion.
Because and are adjacent, some component of avoids both and . The separator-neighbour property puts a neighbour of in ; since and avoids , that neighbour and every vertex of reached without the new separator lie in . Moreover , so is a proper nonempty subset of . The triple with component is therefore a smaller choice than .
Step 3.1 contradicts the minimality in step 2.1. Hence some edge has a simple contraction that remains three-connected.
Depends on
- A finite graph on at least $k+1$ vertices is $k$-connected if and only if every two vertices have $k$ internally disjoint paths
- Vertex cuts, edge cuts, vertex connectivity $\kappa(G)$ and edge connectivity $\lambda(G)$, with conventions for complete and one-vertex graphs
- Vertex and edge deletion, edge contraction, graph minors, subdivisions and topological minors
- Menger's theorem: the finite directed and undirected arc, edge and nonadjacent-vertex forms
- The cardinality $\lvert A\rvert$ of a finite set
Used by
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 46 results over 21 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- R. Diestel, Graph Theory, 6th ed., Lemma 3.2.4 (standard reference, not scraped)