Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-11
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  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
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Every three-connected simple graph with more than four vertices has an edge whose simple contraction remains three-connected

Statement

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A three-connected simple graph G≠K4.

[L1]

A finite graph on at least four vertices is three-connected exactly when every two distinct vertices are joined by at least three internally vertex-disjoint paths (A finite graph on at least k+1 vertices is k-connected if and only if every two vertices have k internally disjoint paths).

[F1]

Simple contraction deletes resulting loops and merges parallel edges (Vertex and edge deletion, edge contraction, graph minors, subdivisions and topological minors).

Proof

technique · contradiction
1.1

Suppose no edge is contractible. For every edge xy, the graph G/xy has a separator of at most two vertices. Three-connectivity of G forces that separator to have the form {vxy,z}, where vxy is the contracted vertex; lifting it shows that {x,y,z} separates G. Every member of this triple has a neighbour in every component of its deletion, since no proper subset can separate a three-connected graph.

assume-contraL1F1
2.1

Among all choices of xy,z and a component C of G−{x,y,z}, choose one with ∣C∣ least, and choose a neighbour v∈C of z. The assumed noncontractibility of zv similarly gives a vertex w such that {z,v,w} separates G, with every member adjacent into every component of its deletion.

step 1.1
3.1

Because x and y are adjacent, some component D of G−{z,v,w} avoids both x and y. The separator-neighbour property puts a neighbour of v in D; since v∈C and D avoids x,y,z, that neighbour and every vertex of D reached without the new separator lie in C. Moreover v∉D, so D is a proper nonempty subset of C. The triple {z,v,w} with component D is therefore a smaller choice than C.

step 2.1L1
4.1

Step 3.1 contradicts the minimality in step 2.1. Hence some edge has a simple contraction that remains three-connected.

step 2.1step 3.1discharge-contradiction∎

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources