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PropositionStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-07
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The simple socle of a costandard object

Statement

Fix a finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra g, a Cartan subalgebra h, and a positive Borel b=hn+. Write Q+=iZ0αi, μλ when λμQ+, and wλ=w(λ+ρ)ρ.

The costandard object (λ) has a unique simple submodule, isomorphic to L(λ). Its socle, the sum of all simple submodules, is that submodule.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The setting above and the hypotheses in the statement.

[F1]

Fix a finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra g, a Cartan subalgebra h, and a positive Borel b=hn+. Write Q+=iZ0αi, μλ when λμQ+, and wλ=w(λ+ρ)ρ. Restricted Chevalley duality is an exact contravariant equivalence D:OOop, with a natural isomorphism D2id. It preserves each weight-space dimension, the formal character, and every simple composition multiplicity. (Restricted duality is exact and involutive on O)

[F2]

The proper submodule J(λ) which is the sum of all proper submodules is the unique maximal submodule of M(λ). The quotient L(λ):=M(λ)/J(λ) is simple and is its unique simple quotient. (A Verma module has a unique simple quotient)

[F3]

Fix a finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra g, a Cartan subalgebra h, and a positive Borel b=hn+. Write Q+=iZ0αi, μλ when λμQ+, and wλ=w(λ+ρ)ρ. For λh, the standard and costandard objects are Δ(λ)=M(λ),(λ)=D(M(λ)). The Verma module is defined in def-verma-module, and prop-restricted-duality-is-an-exact-involution-on-category-o supplies the duality on O. These symbols name the two objects; no projectivity or highest-weight-category axiom is part of this definition. (Standard and costandard objects)

Proof

1.1

Let J(λ) be the unique maximal proper submodule of M(λ). Dualize M(λ)L(λ) to obtain an injection L(λ)D(L(λ))D(M(λ))=(λ). Its image is the annihilator of J(λ).

F1F2F3
2.1

If S(λ) is any simple submodule, duality gives a simple quotient M(λ)D(S). Its kernel must be J(λ) by uniqueness of the maximal submodule. Finite-dimensional weightwise biduality says S is exactly that kernel annihilator. Hence all simple submodules have the image already constructed, and their sum equals it.

F1F2step 1.1

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