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Complex line integrals change sign under reversal and add under concatenation
Statement
For a rectifiable contour , For composable rectifiable contours , and the analogous additive identity holds for the absolute integral.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Continuous integrands and rectifiable contours with matching endpoints when concatenated.
A contour reversal is ; unit-interval contours with matching endpoints concatenate by the two standard affine pieces, and length is unchanged by monotone reparametrization (Rectifiable complex contours, reversal, concatenation, closedness, and orientation).
Real Riemann–Stieltjes integrals are additive across a join and linear in the integrator (Linearity and interval additivity of the Riemann–Stieltjes integral).
For piecewise- paths, published vector line integrals change sign under reversal and both scalar and vector line integrals add under concatenation (Line integrals under reversal and concatenation).
The complex integral is the combination of four component Riemann–Stieltjes integrals, and the absolute integral is the Riemann–Stieltjes integral against arc length (The complex line integral over a rectifiable path as a componentwise Riemann–Stieltjes integral, The absolute line integral over a rectifiable path using its arc-length function).
Let and , and let be a strictly increasing continuous bijection. For , one of the two Riemann–Stieltjes integrals below exists if and only if the other does, and then (Change of variable for the Riemann–Stieltjes integral).
Proof
By [L1] the reversal is . The map sends a partition to the partition with points and sends tags to tags, so it is a mesh-preserving bijection between tagged partitions of and tagged partitions of . Under it each coordinate increment for is the negative of the matching increment for , since the two subinterval endpoints are exchanged; each arc-length increment is instead unchanged, because by [L1] length is unaffected by monotone reparametrization. Hence every Riemann–Stieltjes sum in the coordinate integrators of [L4] for is the negative of the corresponding sum for , and every sum in the arc-length integrator is equal to it. Passing to the limit over refinements yields the two reversal identities.
By [L1] the concatenation is given on and by the two standard affine pieces, each a strictly increasing continuous bijection onto its factor's parameter interval. Apply [L5] to each component Stieltjes integral in [L4] to transport it to the factor's own interval. The integrators are coordinates and arc length of a rectifiable path, hence of bounded variation, and the integrand is continuous, so the join satisfies the additivity hypotheses of [L2]; splitting there and recombining gives both additive identities.
On piecewise- contours these conclusions agree exactly with [L3], whose hypotheses and orientation distinction are preserved. Constant pieces contribute .
Depends on
- Rectifiable complex contours, reversal, concatenation, closedness, and orientation
- The complex line integral over a rectifiable path as a componentwise Riemann–Stieltjes integral
- The absolute line integral over a rectifiable path using its arc-length function
- Linearity and interval additivity of the Riemann–Stieltjes integral
- Line integrals under reversal and concatenation
- Change of variable for the Riemann–Stieltjes integral
Used by
- Goursat's theorem for rectangles: a holomorphic function integrates to zero around every rectangle contained in its domain Corollary
- Reversing orientation does not preserve a complex contour integral Counterexample
- Assembling a keyhole contour from two radial segments and two circular arcs Example
- Direct computation of the integral of 1/(z-a) around a semicircle and a full circle centred at a Example
- The integral of complex conjugation from -1 to 1 differs along a semicircle and a polygonal path Example
- The rectifiable Riemann–Stieltjes definition on an explicit polygonal contour with corners Example
- A plane domain with trivial fundamental group is homologically simply connected Lemma
- Midpoint subdivision of a triangle cancels every interior edge and preserves its outer boundary integral Lemma
- Tagged sums approximate a contour integral within oscillation times length Lemma
- Reversal negates and concatenation adds winding numbers Proposition
- Vanishing integrals around triangles construct a primitive for a continuous function on a star-shaped domain Proposition
- Chain integration and the index are additive in the chain, and reverse with it Theorem
- Endpoint-fixed homotopic paths have equal holomorphic line integrals Theorem
- For a continuous function on a complex domain, endpoint independence, zero closed-contour integrals, and existence of a primitive are equivalent Theorem
- Goursat's triangle theorem remains valid for a continuous function holomorphic away from one point Theorem
- Residue theorem on a compact Riemann surface Theorem
- The argument-principle integral is the winding number of the image cycle Theorem
- The integral of dz/(z-p) along a contour is the increment of a continuous logarithm Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- R. Howell and J. Mathews, Complex Analysis, §6.2 (standard reference, not scraped)