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Every linear map between finite-dimensional inner product spaces has a unique adjoint
Statement
Every linear map between finite-dimensional real or complex inner product spaces has a unique adjoint .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A linear map between finite-dimensional inner product spaces.
Every linear functional on a finite-dimensional inner product space has a unique representing vector (Finite-dimensional Riesz representation: every functional is uniquely ).
An adjoint must satisfy for all (The adjoint is characterised by ).
Inner products separate vectors: equality of all pairings forces equality of the paired vectors (Inner products separate vectors, and the induced norm is homogeneous: ).
Proof
Fix . The function is a linear functional on , so [L1] supplies a unique vector, call it , satisfying [L2].
For scalars and , pairing the representatives from step 1.1 shows and have the same pairing with every . By [L3] they are equal. Thus is linear.
Any adjoint must assign to each the unique representative from step 1.1, so it equals . This proves existence and uniqueness, including when either space is zero.
Depends on
- The adjoint $T^*:W\to V$ is characterised by $\langle Tv,w\rangle_W=\langle v,T^*w\rangle_V$
- Finite-dimensional Riesz representation: every functional is uniquely $v\mapsto\langle v,w\rangle$
- Inner products separate vectors, and the induced norm is homogeneous: $\lVert\lambda v\rVert=|\lambda|\lVert v\rVert$
Used by
- Certified basis-pursuit denoising by primal-dual hybrid gradient Algorithm
- Chambolle–Pock primal-dual hybrid gradient Algorithm
- Clean-ancilla zero-branch postselection Definition
- Exact recovery of an encoded quantum code Definition
- Finite adiabatic path model Definition
- Finite Kraus representation Definition
- Finite projective measurements Definition
- Finite quantum mutual, conditional, and conditional mutual information Definition
- Interior product on the exterior algebra Definition
- Projected-unitary encoding and singular vectors Definition
- Szegedy row-preparation map and discriminant Definition
- Dirac and rank-one coordinate check Example
- A finite instrument has an isometric coherent record Lemma
- A finite POVM defines a classical-output quantum channel Lemma
- A finite reversible transition operator is self-adjoint on weighted L2 Lemma
- A unitary error-basis change gives orthogonal error ranges Lemma
- Complete positivity implies Choi positivity Lemma
- Finite-dimensional linear isometries satisfy the adjoint identity Lemma
- Inverse compression for positive resolvents Lemma
- Isometric invariance of finite quantum relative entropy Lemma
- Kraus operators in an identity-channel representation are scalar Lemma
- Optimality relations for exact two-block ADMM subproblems Lemma
- Orthogonal error restrictions determine syndrome projections Lemma
- Preserving the logical marginal forces a gauge-only channel Lemma
- Primal and infeasibility certificates for basis pursuit denoising Lemma
- Relative modular representation of finite quantum relative entropy Lemma
- Szegedy reflections and walk operators are unitary Lemma
- Szegedy walk invariant subspaces from discriminant eigenvectors Lemma
- The Knill–Laflamme coefficient matrix is positive Lemma
- Adjoints satisfy (S+T)^*=S^*+T^*, (λ T)^*=λ̄ T^*, (ST)^*=T^*S^*, and T^**=T Proposition
- A Controlled Global Phase Becomes a Relative Control Phase Theorem
- A unit-vector outer product is a density operator Theorem
- An endomorphism is an orthogonal projection exactly when it is idempotent and self-adjoint Theorem
- An explicit syndrome recovery corrects a Knill–Laflamme error family Theorem
- An isometric quantum encoding gives an orthogonal code projector Theorem
- An isometry followed by partial trace is a channel Theorem
- Cosine-Sine Block Decomposition Theorem
- Dirac Adjoint Amplitude Translation Theorem
- Every finite-dimensional channel has a finite isometric dilation Theorem
- Exact recovery implies the Knill–Laflamme condition Theorem
…and 13 more results.
Dependency tree · two levels
11 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Sheldon Axler, Linear Algebra Done Right, 4th ed., discussion following definition 7.1 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Sergei Treil, Linear Algebra Done Wrong, §5.5.1 (standard reference, not scraped)