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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-22
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DMC implies Urysohn's lemma

Statement

ZF+DMC proves Urysohn's lemma: in a normal space (Normal spaces and T4 spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes T1 stated explicitly) any two disjoint closed sets F,G admit a continuous f:X[0,1] (Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally, Intervals of R: the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length) with Ff1({0}) and Gf1({1}).

DMC is used once, in its successor-menu form of Dependent multiple choice in finite-level tree form: it supplies the finite menus of dyadic nodes, and the finitely many open sets inside each menu are intersected coordinatewise to obtain a single dyadic scale.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A normal space X; disjoint closed sets F,GX; the principle DMC.

[F1]

Normality via shrinking: if A is closed, U is open and AU, then there is open V with AVVU (A space is normal if and only if every closed A inside an open U admits an open V with AVVU).

[F2]

The dyadic rationals D[0,1] are an increasing union of finite levels Dn, the level Dn+1 inserts one new point strictly between each pair of Dn-consecutive elements, every two elements of D lie in a common Dn, and the positive dyadics have infimum zero (the displayed dyadic growth bound gives 2n0) (The dyadic rationals of [0,1], their finite levels Dn, and their density in [0,1]).

[F3]

Dyadic scale lemma: if (Ur)rD are open subsets of X with UrUs whenever r<s and U1=X, then f(x):=inf({rD:xUr}{1}) is a continuous map X[0,1] (If (Ur)rD are open with UrUs whenever r<s and U1=X, then xinf{rD:xUr} is a continuous map X[0,1], and no choice principle is used).

[F4]

Finite choice: a finite list indexed by a natural number, all of whose entries are nonempty sets admits a choice function for its family of values (Every natural-number-indexed list of nonempty sets has a choice function on its family of values).

[F5]

DMC: every serial relation on a nonempty set admits nonempty finite successor menus (Dependent multiple choice in finite-level tree form).

[L2]

A nonempty subset of N has a least element, and a specified set self-map with an initial state admits recursion on N (The well-ordering principle, The recursion theorem).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Assume DMC, let X be normal and let F,G be disjoint closed subsets of X.

givenF5
2.1

Under step 1.1, XG is open and FXG; by [F1] fix open V0 with FV0V0XG, and put V1:=XG.

step 1.1F1L1
3.1

Under step 1.1, define a node of level n to be a tuple U1,,U2n of open subsets of X such that UiUi+1 for 1i<2n, FU1, and U2n=XG. Let T be the set of such nodes over all nN, and let the relation S on T be: aSb when b is a node of level n+1 whose even entries are the entries of a, that is b2i=ai for 1i2n.

step 2.1L1
4.1

Under step 3.1, V1=XG is a node of level 0 in T: it has the single required entry, FXG and its last entry is XG, so T. And S is serial on T: given a node a=U1,,U2n, apply [F1] to the closed set F inside the open set U1 to obtain an open W0 with FW0W0U1, for each 1i<2n apply [F1] to the closed set Ui inside the open set Ui+1 to obtain an open Wi with UiWiWiUi+1, and use [F4] to choose all of W0,,W2n1 at once (when n=0 one may take W0 to be the V0 of step 2.1, which has exactly the required inclusions); then b:=W0,U1,W1,U2,,W2n1,U2n has 2n+1 entries, its even entries are b2i=Ui for 1i2n, and Fb1, bjbj+1 for 1j<2n+1, b2n+1=XG by step 3.1, so b is a node of level n+1 with aSb.

step 2.1step 3.1F1F4L1
5.1

Under step 4.1, apply [F5] to obtain finite nonempty menus FnT. They need not be level-aligned. Let k be the least level represented in F0 by [L2] and let H0 consist of its level-k members. Define Hn+1={bFn+1:(aHn) aSb}. This is a definable recursion (encode the index and subset in a set state, with a default for other states), licensed by [L2]. Induction shows that Hn is nonempty finite, every member has level k+n, and the Hn have both successor and predecessor properties: each retained a has a successor in the original next menu and that successor is retained. To recover levels below k, for a level-k node a and 0mk put πm(a)i=ai2km for 1i2m. Each projection is a level-m node: all entries contain F, the last is XG, and the closure inclusions follow by skipping along the original chain. Moreover πm+1(a)2i=πm(a)i and πk(a)=a. Now put Fm={πm(a):aH0} for m<k, and Fm=Hmk for mk. These are nonempty finite menus of exactly level m, with both predecessor and successor properties, including the transition into level k. In particular F0={XG}. No enumeration of infinitely many finite menus or branch choice is made.

step 3.1step 4.1F5L1L2
6.1

Under step 5.1, for nN and 1i2n put Un,i:={ai:aFn}, the intersection of the i-th entries of the finitely many menu elements; each Un,i is open, FUn,1, Un,2n=XG, and Un,iUn,i+1, because the intersection is contained in every entry, its closure is contained in every entry closure by monotonicity, and each such closure is contained in the corresponding next entry. Monotonicity follows directly from the smallest-closed-superset characterization in [L1].

step 5.1L1
7.1

Under step 6.1, Un+1,2i=Un,i for all n and 1i2n: every bFn+1 has b2i=ai for the predecessor aFn with aSb, and every aFn occurs as the predecessor of some bFn+1 by the successor property, so the two intersections have the same entries.

step 5.1step 6.1
8.1

Under step 7.1 define a family on all dyadics by U0:=, U1:=X, and, for 0<r<1, Ur:=Un,i whenever r=i/2n with 1i<2n. This is well defined by step 7.1 and [F2]. If 0<r<s<1, choose N with r=i/2N, s=j/2N and i<j by [F2]; then Ur=UN,i, Us=UN,j, and UrUs by step 6.1. The same inclusion is automatic when r=0 or s=1. Thus (Ur)rD satisfies the hypotheses of [F3] literally.

step 6.1step 7.1F2F3
9.1

Under step 8.1, [F3] applies to the scale and gives the continuous f(x)=inf({rD:xUr}{1}):X[0,1].

step 8.1F3
10.1

Under step 9.1, Ff1({0}): if aF and 0<r=i/2n<1, then aFUn,1Un,i=Ur, and also aU1=X. Hence {rD:aUr}=D{0}, whose infimum is 0, so f(a)=0.

step 6.1step 8.1step 9.1F2
10.2

Under step 9.1, Gf1({1}): for bG, first bU0=. For r=i/2nD with 0<r<1 we have i1, i<2n and Un,iUn,2n=XG, so bUr; also bX=U1; hence {rD:bUr}{1}={1} and f(b)=1.

step 6.1step 8.1step 9.1
11.1

Under steps 9.1, 10.1 and 10.2 the map f is continuous with Ff1({0}) and Gf1({1}), which is Urysohn's lemma for the arbitrary normal space X and disjoint closed sets F,G; the only choice principle used was DMC.

step 9.1step 10.1step 10.2F5

Remarks

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