Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-22
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Effective metacompactness for discrete metric spaces implies AC

Statement

Over ZF: suppose that for every discrete metrizable space X and every open cover U of X there exist a point-finite open refinement V which covers X, and a map a:VU with Va(V) for every VV. Then the Axiom of Choice holds (The Axiom of Choice, Metacompactness: every open cover has a point-finite open refinement, Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The effective-metacompactness hypothesis, including that each supplied refining family covers the space; an arbitrary family F of nonempty sets.

[F1]

Multiple choice and its equivalence with AC: in ZF, MC is equivalent to AC, and MC asserts that every family of nonempty sets admits a function assigning to each member a nonempty finite subset (Multiple choice and dependent multiple choice, Multiple choice is equivalent to AC in ZF).

[F2]

On the discrete metric space X:=(F×{0})(F×{1}) with the discrete metric, every subset is open, and the family U:={{(x,1),(F,0)}:xFF} is an open cover of X: a point (F,0) with FF lies in {(x,1),(F,0)} for each xF, and a point (x,1) with xFF lies in {(x,1),(F,0)} (Metric space: d(x,y)=0 iff x=y, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement, Arbitrary unions and finite intersections of open sets are open, open balls are open and closed balls are closed).

[L1]

A point-finite family is one every point of which belongs to only finitely many members; a refinement map is a function on the refining family whose value at each member contains it (Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements, Choice function).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Let F be an arbitrary family of nonempty sets and let X:=(F×{0})(F×{1}) carry the discrete metric; the two tags keep the family and its members apart, so that the zero-tagged family member is uniquely recovered from each cover pair. Explicitly, d(u,v)=0 if u=v and 1 otherwise satisfies separation and symmetry; if uw, at least one of uv or vw holds, proving the triangle inequality. Each radius-1/2 ball is a singleton, so every subset is open. No disjointness of the members of F is used.

givenF2
2.1

The family U of [F2] is an open cover of X by [F2], so by the hypothesis applied once to this cover there are a point-finite open refinement V which covers X and a map a:VU with Va(V) for all VV; no global refinement operator is assumed, only this one per-cover existential pair.

step 1.1F2L1
3.1

For each FF let C(F):={VV:(F,0)V}, the set of refinement members through the point (F,0) of the space; C(F) is nonempty because V covers X, and finite because V is point-finite at (F,0).

step 2.1L1
4.1

Define f(F):={xF:a(V)={(x,1),(F,0)} for some VC(F)}; then each VC(F) determines a unique x by its image pair (the one-tagged point); thus f(F) is the image of the finite set C(F) under a uniquely defined function. It is a finite subset of F, and it is nonempty because for VC(F) one has (F,0)Va(V) and a(V)U, so a(V)={(x,1),(F,0)} with xFF; now (F,0)a(V) forces (F,0)=(F,0), that is F=F, because the alternative (F,0)=(x,1) would give 0=1. Hence a(V)={(x,1),(F,0)} with xF, as required.

step 2.1step 3.1L1
5.1

The assignment Ff(F) is therefore a function on the family F of nonempty sets whose values are nonempty finite subsets, which is Multiple Choice for F, including the empty family via the empty function. For any indexed family (Xi)iI apply this construction to its set of values F={Xi:iI} and compose to get if(Xi); repeated values cause no difficulty. Since the original family was arbitrary, MC holds, and by [F1] the Axiom of Choice holds.

step 4.1F1

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

31 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources