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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-22
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Effective metacompactness for discrete metric spaces implies AC

Statement

Over ZF: suppose that for every discrete metrizable space X and every open cover U of X there exist a point-finite open refinement V which covers X, and a map a:V→U with V⊆a(V) for every V∈V. Then the Axiom of Choice holds (The Axiom of Choice, Metacompactness: every open cover has a point-finite open refinement, Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The effective-metacompactness hypothesis, including that each supplied refining family covers the space; an arbitrary family F of nonempty sets.

[F1]

Multiple choice and its equivalence with AC: in ZF, MC is equivalent to AC, and MC asserts that every family of nonempty sets admits a function assigning to each member a nonempty finite subset (Multiple choice and dependent multiple choice, Multiple choice is equivalent to AC in ZF).

[F2]

On the discrete metric space X:=(F×{0})∪(⋃F×{1}) with the discrete metric, every subset is open, and the family U:={ {(x,1),(F,0)}:x∈F∈F } is an open cover of X: a point (F,0) with F∈F lies in {(x,1),(F,0)} for each x∈F, and a point (x,1) with x∈F∈F lies in {(x,1),(F,0)} (Metric space: d(x,y)=0 iff x=y, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement, Arbitrary unions and finite intersections of open sets are open, open balls are open and closed balls are closed).

[L1]

A point-finite family is one every point of which belongs to only finitely many members; a refinement map is a function on the refining family whose value at each member contains it (Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements, Choice function).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenF2

Let F be an arbitrary family of nonempty sets and let X:=(F×{0})∪(⋃F×{1}) carry the discrete metric; the two tags keep the family and its members apart, so that the zero-tagged family member is uniquely recovered from each cover pair. Explicitly, d(u,v)=0 if u=v and 1 otherwise satisfies separation and symmetry; if u≠w, at least one of u≠v or v≠w holds, proving the triangle inequality. Each radius-1/2 ball is a singleton, so every subset is open. No disjointness of the members of F is used.

2.1step 1.1F2L1

The family U of [F2] is an open cover of X by [F2], so by the hypothesis applied once to this cover there are a point-finite open refinement V which covers X and a map a:V→U with V⊆a(V) for all V∈V; no global refinement operator is assumed, only this one per-cover existential pair.

3.1step 2.1L1

For each F∈F let C(F):={ V∈V:(F,0)∈V }, the set of refinement members through the point (F,0) of the space; C(F) is nonempty because V covers X, and finite because V is point-finite at (F,0).

4.1step 2.1step 3.1L1

Define f(F):={ x∈F:a(V)={(x,1),(F,0)} for some V∈C(F) }; then each V∈C(F) determines a unique x by its image pair (the one-tagged point); thus f(F) is the image of the finite set C(F) under a uniquely defined function. It is a finite subset of F, and it is nonempty because for V∈C(F) one has (F,0)∈V⊆a(V) and a(V)∈U, so a(V)={(x,1),(F′,0)} with x∈F′∈F; now (F,0)∈a(V) forces (F,0)=(F′,0), that is F′=F, because the alternative (F,0)=(x,1) would give 0=1. Hence a(V)={(x,1),(F,0)} with x∈F, as required.

5.1step 4.1F1∎

The assignment F↦f(F) is therefore a function on the family F of nonempty sets whose values are nonempty finite subsets, which is Multiple Choice for F, including the empty family via the empty function. For any indexed family (Xi)i∈I apply this construction to its set of values F={Xi:i∈I} and compose to get i↦f(Xi); repeated values cause no difficulty. Since the original family was arbitrary, MC holds, and by [F1] the Axiom of Choice holds.

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Sources