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Effective metacompactness for discrete metric spaces implies AC
Statement
Over : suppose that for every discrete metrizable space and every open cover of there exist a point-finite open refinement which covers , and a map with for every . Then the Axiom of Choice holds (The Axiom of Choice, Metacompactness: every open cover has a point-finite open refinement, Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements).
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The effective-metacompactness hypothesis, including that each supplied refining family covers the space; an arbitrary family of nonempty sets.
Multiple choice and its equivalence with AC: in ZF, MC is equivalent to AC, and MC asserts that every family of nonempty sets admits a function assigning to each member a nonempty finite subset (Multiple choice and dependent multiple choice, Multiple choice is equivalent to AC in ZF).
On the discrete metric space with the discrete metric, every subset is open, and the family is an open cover of : a point with lies in for each , and a point with lies in (Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement, Arbitrary unions and finite intersections of open sets are open, open balls are open and closed balls are closed).
A point-finite family is one every point of which belongs to only finitely many members; a refinement map is a function on the refining family whose value at each member contains it (Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements, Choice function).
Proof
Let be an arbitrary family of nonempty sets and let carry the discrete metric; the two tags keep the family and its members apart, so that the zero-tagged family member is uniquely recovered from each cover pair. Explicitly, if and otherwise satisfies separation and symmetry; if , at least one of or holds, proving the triangle inequality. Each radius- ball is a singleton, so every subset is open. No disjointness of the members of is used.
The family of [F2] is an open cover of by [F2], so by the hypothesis applied once to this cover there are a point-finite open refinement which covers and a map with for all ; no global refinement operator is assumed, only this one per-cover existential pair.
For each let , the set of refinement members through the point of the space; is nonempty because covers , and finite because is point-finite at .
Define ; then each determines a unique by its image pair (the one-tagged point); thus is the image of the finite set under a uniquely defined function. It is a finite subset of , and it is nonempty because for one has and , so with ; now forces , that is , because the alternative would give . Hence with , as required.
The assignment is therefore a function on the family of nonempty sets whose values are nonempty finite subsets, which is Multiple Choice for , including the empty family via the empty function. For any indexed family apply this construction to its set of values and compose to get ; repeated values cause no difficulty. Since the original family was arbitrary, MC holds, and by [F1] the Axiom of Choice holds.
Depends on
- The Axiom of Choice
- Multiple choice is equivalent to AC in ZF
- Multiple choice and dependent multiple choice
- Metric space: $d(x,y) = 0$ iff $x = y$, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric
- Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements
- Metacompactness: every open cover has a point-finite open refinement
- Arbitrary unions and finite intersections of open sets are open, open balls are open and closed balls are closed
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- Choice function
Used by
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Sources
- C. Good, I. J. Tree, and W. S. Watson, On Stone's theorem and the axiom of choice (standard reference, not scraped)