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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05
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Fejer means converge uniformly for continuous periodic functions

Statement

Let f:RC be one-periodic and continuous. Then

supxRσNf(x)f(x)0(N).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A one-periodic continuous function f:RC.

[L1]

The Cesaro means satisfy σNf=fFN, so σNf(x)=01f(xt)FN(t)dt for every x (Cesaro and Abel means of a Fourier series).

[L2]

The Fejer kernels are nonnegative, have integral 1, and their mass on [δ,1δ] tends to 0 for every δ(0,1/2] (The Fejer kernel is a positive approximate identity).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Let ε>0. Because f is continuous on the compact interval [0,1] and one-periodic, it is uniformly continuous modulo 1. Choose δ(0,1/2] such that f(xt)f(x)<ε/2 whenever xR and t[0,δ][1δ,1].

givenchoose
2.1

For every xR, subtract f(x) inside the integral from [L1]: σNf(x)f(x)01f(xt)f(x)FN(t)dt. Split the integral into the near set [0,δ][1δ,1] and the far set [δ,1δ]. By step 1.1 and the positivity from [L2], the near part is at most ε/2. The far part is at most 2fδ1δFN(t)dt.

L1L2step 1.1algebra
3.1

By [L2], choose N0 so large that 2fδ1δFN(t)dt<ε/2 for all NN0. Then step 2.1 gives supxRσNf(x)f(x)<ε(NN0). Since ε was arbitrary, the convergence is uniform.

L2step 2.1choosealgebra

Depends on

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Sources