Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-14
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First Bianchi identity

Statement

This item assumes ACω, namely countable choice. In the propagated dependency chain, that assumption is required through Smoothness of a vector field is equivalent to smooth coordinate components; after those interfaces are fixed, the remaining local or finite argument makes no additional countable-family choice.

For the torsion-free Levi–Civita connection and all smooth vector fields X,Y,Z,

R(X,Y)Z+R(Y,Z)X+R(Z,X)Y=0.

Equivalently, the cyclic sum over the three input slots of the curvature endomorphism vanishes.

Facts & Assumptions

[A1]

ACω is countable choice and is required here through Smoothness of a vector field is equivalent to smooth coordinate components; after those supplied interfaces are fixed, the remaining local or finite calculation makes no additional countable-family choice.

[F1]

Curvature is the bracket-corrected commutator of covariant derivatives. Curvature of an affine connection.

[F2]

Torsion freeness of the Levi–Civita connection says ∇XY−∇YX=[X,Y]. Levi civita connection.

[F3]

In a chart, smoothness of a vector field is equivalent to smoothness of its coordinate coefficients. Smoothness of a vector field is equivalent to smooth coordinate components.

[F4]

The Lie bracket is the commutator of the two vector fields acting on smooth functions: [X,Y]f=X(Yf)−Y(Xf). The Lie bracket of smooth vector fields.

Proof

Given: ACω, smooth vector fields X,Y,Z and the Levi–Civita connection ∇.

1.1A1F3F4algebra

On any coordinate chart, write X=Xi∂i and Y=Yi∂i. Applying [F4] to a local smooth function and using the ordinary product rule, the terms with second derivatives cancel and give [X,Y]=(Xi∂iYj−Yi∂iXj)∂j. The displayed coefficients are smooth by [F3], so every bracket used below is a smooth vector field.

1.2F1F2algebra

Expanding the three curvature terms by [F1] and collecting derivatives with the same outer field gives the cyclic sum as ∇X(∇YZ−∇ZY)+∇Y(∇ZX−∇XZ)+∇Z(∇XY−∇YX)−∇[X,Y]Z−∇[Y,Z]X−∇[Z,X]Y. By [F2] the three parenthesized differences are [Y,Z], [Z,X], and [X,Y].

2.1F4step 1.1algebra

Acting on an arbitrary local smooth function f and using [F4], expand the twelve resulting third-order compositions in [X,[Y,Z]]f+[Y,[Z,X]]f+[Z,[X,Y]]f. Each composition occurs once with sign + and once with sign −; hence the sum is zero. Since equality of vector fields is local and is detected by their action on smooth functions, the Jacobi identity holds for X,Y,Z.

3.1F2step 2.1step 1.2∎

Apply [F2] once more to pair each term ∇X[Y,Z] with −∇[Y,Z]X, and cyclically. The expression from step 1.2 becomes [X,[Y,Z]]+[Y,[Z,X]]+[Z,[X,Y]], which is zero by step 2.1.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources