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TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-14
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First Bianchi identity

Statement

This item assumes ACω, namely countable choice. In the propagated dependency chain, that assumption is required through Smoothness of a vector field is equivalent to smooth coordinate components; after those interfaces are fixed, the remaining local or finite argument makes no additional countable-family choice.

For the torsion-free Levi–Civita connection and all smooth vector fields X,Y,Z,

R(X,Y)Z+R(Y,Z)X+R(Z,X)Y=0.

Equivalently, the cyclic sum over the three input slots of the curvature endomorphism vanishes.

Facts & Assumptions

[A1]

ACω is countable choice and is required here through Smoothness of a vector field is equivalent to smooth coordinate components; after those supplied interfaces are fixed, the remaining local or finite calculation makes no additional countable-family choice.

[F1]

Curvature is the bracket-corrected commutator of covariant derivatives. Curvature of an affine connection.

[F2]

Torsion freeness of the Levi–Civita connection says XYYX=[X,Y]. Levi civita connection.

[F3]

In a chart, smoothness of a vector field is equivalent to smoothness of its coordinate coefficients. Smoothness of a vector field is equivalent to smooth coordinate components.

[F4]

The Lie bracket is the commutator of the two vector fields acting on smooth functions: [X,Y]f=X(Yf)Y(Xf). The Lie bracket of smooth vector fields.

Proof

Given: ACω, smooth vector fields X,Y,Z and the Levi–Civita connection .

1.1

On any coordinate chart, write X=Xii and Y=Yii. Applying [F4] to a local smooth function and using the ordinary product rule, the terms with second derivatives cancel and give [X,Y]=(XiiYjYiiXj)j. The displayed coefficients are smooth by [F3], so every bracket used below is a smooth vector field.

A1F3F4algebra
1.2

Expanding the three curvature terms by [F1] and collecting derivatives with the same outer field gives the cyclic sum as X(YZZY)+Y(ZXXZ)+Z(XYYX)[X,Y]Z[Y,Z]X[Z,X]Y. By [F2] the three parenthesized differences are [Y,Z], [Z,X], and [X,Y].

F1F2algebra
2.1

Acting on an arbitrary local smooth function f and using [F4], expand the twelve resulting third-order compositions in [X,[Y,Z]]f+[Y,[Z,X]]f+[Z,[X,Y]]f. Each composition occurs once with sign + and once with sign ; hence the sum is zero. Since equality of vector fields is local and is detected by their action on smooth functions, the Jacobi identity holds for X,Y,Z.

F4step 1.1algebra
3.1

Apply [F2] once more to pair each term X[Y,Z] with [Y,Z]X, and cyclically. The expression from step 1.2 becomes [X,[Y,Z]]+[Y,[Z,X]]+[Z,[X,Y]], which is zero by step 2.1.

F2step 2.1step 1.2

Depends on

Used by

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