Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-10
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Hodge star is a smooth bundle isomorphism

Statement

The Hodge star exists uniquely and is a smooth bundle isomorphism in every degree 0kn.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An oriented Riemannian manifold and its normalized exterior metric.

[F1]

Riemannian hodge star: On an oriented Riemannian n-manifold, for 0kn the Hodge star is the fibrewise map :kTMnkTM characterized by αβ=α,βgvolg for every pair of k-covectors. The pairing is the determinant-normalized one of prop-riemannian-metrics-induce-metrics-on-dual-tensor-and-exterior-bundles, and the positive unit volume form is prop-the-riemannian-volume-form-is-the-unique-positive-unit-top-form. This is the ordinary, orientation-dependent star, with no orientation-line twist. Existence, uniqueness and smoothness are proved in thm-hodge-star-is-a-smooth-bundle-isomorphism. For n=k=0, it multiplies by the chosen orientation sign.

[F2]

Wedge monomials in a dual basis form a basis: Let e1,,en be a basis of V, with dual basis e1,,en. Then the wedges ei1eik(1i1<<ikn) form a basis of Altk(V).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

For n>0, take a local positive smooth coframe and apply Gram–Schmidt: subtract its projections on preceding normalized covectors and divide by the positive norm of the residual. Independence ensures nonzero residuals, and positive square roots make the coefficients smooth. This gives an oriented orthonormal coframe e1,,en. For each increasing multi-index I, define eI=ϵ(I,Ic)eIc, where eIeIc=ϵ(I,Ic)e1en.

F1F2given
2.1

For an increasing J of size k, eJeI is zero unless J=I, because otherwise an index repeats, and when J=I it equals the positive volume form. Thus it equals eJ,eIvolg. Bilinearity proves the defining equation for arbitrary covectors. If two proposed images of β differ, expansion of their difference in the complementary wedge basis and pairing with each eI forces every coefficient zero. Hence the image is unique.

F1F2step 1.1
3.1

Uniqueness makes local formulas agree on overlaps. Their matrices in these smooth frames are signed permutations, hence smooth and invertible, with smooth inverse matrices. For n=0, the map on the scalar fibre is aεa with locally constant orientation sign ε; it satisfies the equation and is its own inverse. Empty base gives the empty bundle map.

step 1.1step 2.1

Source locator

Lee, Chapter 16, Problem 16-18(c–e), pp.437–438; existence is supplied here by the full complementary-wedge calculation, not by treating the exercise as a proof.

Depends on

Used by

Cited to discharge well-definedness by Riemannian hodge star.

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources