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The isotypic decomposition of a completely reducible representation is unique

Statement

Let V be a completely reducible representation of a group G over a field k. If S1,,Sr represent the distinct equivalence classes of irreducible subrepresentations occurring in V, then

V=V(S1)V(Sr).

Moreover each summand V(Si) depends only on the equivalence class of Si, so this isotypic decomposition is independent of the chosen decomposition of V into irreducible summands.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A completely reducible representation V of a group G over a field k.

[L1]

For an irreducible representation S, the isotypic component V(S) is the sum of all irreducible subrepresentations of V equivalent to S (The isotypic component of a completely reducible representation).

[L2]

A nonzero intertwiner between irreducible representations is an isomorphism. In particular, if two irreducible representations are not equivalent, every intertwiner between them is zero (Schur's lemma for irreducible representations: a nonzero intertwiner is an isomorphism, and EndG(V) is a division ring).

[L3]

A completely reducible representation is an internal direct sum of irreducible subrepresentations (A completely reducible representation as a finite direct sum of irreducible subrepresentations).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [L3], choose irreducible subrepresentations U1,,Un with V=U1Un. Group these summands by equivalence class: for each class represented by Si, let Wi be the direct sum of those Uj equivalent to Si. Then V=W1Wr, and each Wi is contained in V(Si) by [L1].

L1L3givenchoose
2.1

Fix i and let UV be any irreducible subrepresentation equivalent to Si. Write πj:VUj for the projection attached to step 1.1. If Uj is not equivalent to Si, then πjU:UUj is an intertwiner between non-equivalent irreducibles, so [L2] makes it zero. Hence the projection of U onto j:Uj≇SiUj is zero, and therefore UWi. Since this holds for every such U, the defining sum [L1] satisfies V(Si)Wi. Together with step 1.1, this gives V(Si)=Wi.

L1L2step 1.1givenalgebra
3.1

Step 2.1 shows that each grouped block Wi is exactly the isotypic component V(Si), so it depends only on the equivalence class of Si, not on the chosen irreducible splitting. Since the Wi already form a direct sum in step 1.1, the displayed isotypic decomposition is unique.

step 1.1step 2.1

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