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The omega_2 iteration forces MA and continuum aleph_2
Statement
Over a ZFC+GCH ground model, the bookkeeping iteration is ccc and forces MA together with , hence not CH.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC, ground GCH, and the iteration of The omega_2 bookkeeping iteration for MA.
Chain conditions preserve high cofinalities and ccc preserves cardinals preserves cardinals.
Size bound for finite-support ccc iterations and nice names bound the final forcing and real names by .
Small sets of ground ordinals are captured at a bounded iteration stage captures small coded final objects.
Martin's Axiom reduces to small ccc orders reduces MA instances to small orders.
Cohen, collapse, and Lévy-collapse forcing orders gives the finite-function Cohen order used at the cofinally many selected stages.
Proof
F1 makes ccc, and F2 preserves . F3 and GCH give at most real names. At every selected Cohen stage, the coordinate-domain dense sets make the union a total real, and for each real in the preceding intermediate model the dense set requiring disagreement at a fresh coordinate makes the new real different from it. Hence Cohen reals added at distinct selected stages are distinct. There are cofinally, thus , many such stages, giving the reverse inequality. Therefore the final continuum is .
In the final extension fix , a ccc order , and at most dense subsets. By F5 replace by a coded dense order of size at most , and code it and the family by a set of ground ordinals of size at most . F4 places that code in some intermediate .
The earlier model sees as ccc: otherwise it contains an -antichain, and the ccc tail preserves both that set and its incompatibility, contradicting final ccc. Bookkeeping therefore selects the name at a later stage . Its coordinate generic is a filter on meeting every dense set already coded at stage , hence the original family. Since was arbitrary, MA holds.
step 1.1 gives , so CH fails. AC is used in coding, bookkeeping, cardinal arithmetic, and the preservation/name arguments.
Depends on
- The omega_2 bookkeeping iteration for MA
- Finite-support iterations of ccc forcing are ccc
- Small sets of ground ordinals are captured at a bounded iteration stage
- Size bound for finite-support ccc iterations
- Martin's Axiom reduces to small ccc orders
- Cohen, collapse, and Lévy-collapse forcing orders
- Chain conditions preserve high cofinalities and ccc preserves cardinals
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
25 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Karagila, Forcing & Symmetric Extensions, Theorem 7.10 (standard reference, not scraped)