How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
P/poly equals polynomial time with polynomial advice
Statement
is exactly the class of languages decided in polynomial time with polynomial-length advice.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: the circuit-family and advised-machine conventions of the claim.
A language has a polynomial-size circuit at each input length , by Circuit families and P/poly.
Advice may depend on the input length and need not be computable, but has polynomial length, by Polynomial advice for a deterministic machine.
Every polynomial-time language has polynomial-size circuits, by Every polynomial-time language has polynomial-size circuits.
Proof
Suppose has size at most . Encode as a topologically ordered gate list: each of its at most records contains a constant-size gate tag and at most two indices of bits. This is polynomial advice. A fixed evaluator scans the list in topological order and computes in polynomial time, so [L2] gives an advised decider.
Conversely, let run in polynomial time with . Use a fixed self-delimiting encoding whose length depends only on and , and let . This is a language in , so [L3] supplies polynomial-size circuits for . For a fixed , put and take the circuit for the common encoding length of with . Hardwire the delimiter bits and all bits of , leaving only the bits of free. Because , the resulting -input circuit has polynomial size and agrees with the original computation ; no change to the advice string or its length is made.
Step 1.1 proves the circuit-to-advice inclusion and step 1.2 proves the advice-to-circuit inclusion, including the advice-length and simulation-size bounds.
Depends on
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
5 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Arora and Barak, Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach (standard reference, not scraped)
- Lance Fortnow, Counting Complexity (standard reference, not scraped)